tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28773365666178540382024-03-14T00:59:29.610-07:00mahughamahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-31564872461002283502023-12-11T04:48:00.000-08:002023-12-11T04:49:18.898-08:00burung gagak yg jenius, inspirasi kehidupan<iframe frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://youtube.com/embed/Coo--j-6mkY?si=PBp1iGkfOPTsbnyF" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-61852956486687988632022-02-04T10:40:00.002-08:002022-02-04T10:40:46.568-08:00menjaring matahari senja<iframe frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/aDS--jPAZmg" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-88857606814553484892021-09-11T11:21:00.001-07:002021-09-11T11:21:19.813-07:00woo "ayam manja "<iframe width="480" height="270" src="https://youtube.com/embed/paMzHG4b9Ew" frameborder="0"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-30604690166671035662021-01-15T10:26:00.000-08:002021-01-15T10:26:49.192-08:00Nilai kalkulus teknik Arsitektur<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS ALMUSLIM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ABSENSI KEHADIRAN DAN NILAI
MAHASISWA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRODI<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
Teknik Arsitektur<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MATA
KULIAH<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Kalkulus<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SEMESTER /
UNIT<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: I (satu)/lanjutan<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SKS<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>:
2 SKS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TIM DOSEN<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: Mahdi,
ST.,MT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TAHUN
AKADEMIK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2020/
2021<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.6pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 625px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NO<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" width="141">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NAMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">N I M<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td colspan="8" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="366">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR KETERANGAN HADIR / TANGGAL / PARAF<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abs 15%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sikap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tugas 20%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Quiz 15%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UTS 20%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UAS 20%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huruf<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maria Ulfa<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030001<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M.Baasyir<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030002<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rian Syahreza<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030003<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amarullah<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030004<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hadi Harris<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030005<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Boy Yatul Siddiq<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030006<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">87<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raja Nafsul Amna<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030007<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">89<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fonna Ulandari<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030008<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">91<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reski Putri Yani<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030009<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">88<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">M.Zikri<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030014<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rizky Ario Kesuma<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003030015<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">80<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A-<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="31">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="141">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 65.8pt;" valign="bottom" width="88">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="45">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="39">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 34.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="46">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="47">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matangglumpangdua, 15
Januari 2021</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dosen Pengasuh</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DTO<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mahdi,ST.,MT</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">2021</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Nidn. 0112126803</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 288.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-36125996301994337102020-10-27T12:51:00.003-07:002020-10-31T11:38:58.237-07:00Rebusan daun kopi utk obat kriting daun cabr<p> </p><h1 class="entry-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Inter var", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: "lnum"; font-size: 3rem; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em; line-height: 1.13889; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: center; word-break: break-word;">Cara Mengatasi Daun Keriting pada Tanaman Cabe</h1><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CVQIacoL3vI/X5h0mdjLg0I/AAAAAAAAAWU/kJXF09csui44o-JGrW-egFErptjJ07lGACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="300" height="240" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-CVQIacoL3vI/X5h0mdjLg0I/AAAAAAAAAWU/kJXF09csui44o-JGrW-egFErptjJ07lGACLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" width="300" /></a></div><div><br /></div><span style="background-color: white; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px;">Bagi para petani petani cabe, penyakit daun keriting sudah bukan merupakan hal baru lagi bagi mereka. Penyakit yang ditandai dengan gejala daun menjadi berkerut dan keriting serta bundel ini dapat menurunkan produktifitas tanaman karena penyakit ini bisa menghentikan secara total pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman</span></div><div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Penyakit daun keriting merupakan penyakit tanaman yang mana penyebabnya bisa dikarenakan OPT atau virus yang menginfeksi jaringan tanaman sehingga sel tanaman berkembang secara abnormal dan berefek pada struktur daun dan pucuk tanaman.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Gejala awal serang terjadi pada daun muda bagian pucuk lalu menyebar ke bagian tanaman yang lain. Pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman (tunas, daun dan akar) bisa terhambat bahkan terhenti. Tanaman cabe yang terkena serangan keriting tentu tidak bisa menghasilkan buah secara optimal karena keluarnya bunga dan buah cabe berdasarkan percabangan tunasnya.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">1. Penyebab Daun Keriting</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Karena penyakit daun keriting memiliki dua penyebab dengan gejala hampir mirip maka kita perlu memilahnya lagi bedasarkan gejala yang tampak.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Serangga yang bisa menyebabkan keriting adalah jenis kutu dan aphids. Kedua serangga ini menghisap cairan tanaman melalui daun dan pucuk muda. Kelenjar dari kutu ini akan masuk ke jaringan tanaman dan mempengaruhi perkembangan sel tanaman sehingga bagian yang terinfeksi kelenjar akan berkerut atau menggulung.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Selain ditularkan oleh serangga, virus mosaik juga bisa terbawa oleh benih cabe yang berasal dari tanaman yang terinfeksi mosaik. Keriting tipikal ini cenderung sulit disembuhkan. Namun tentunya ada langkah yang bisa diambil untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: 700; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">2. Cara Mengatasi Penyakit Keriting Daun pada Tanaman Cabe</span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">Bagaimana jika tanaman sudah terkena penyakit keriting? bisa . Ikuti langkah-langkah berikut untuk cara mengatasi daun keriting pada tanaman cabe dengan Herbal </p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">1. Ambil pucuk daun kopi yang masih segar </p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--vY2U_XZ7Gc/X5h30Ue0nYI/AAAAAAAAAW8/Lv-R_eYri0YvSUiPDJD9CO08tiUKwqn4QCLcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="705" height="191" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/--vY2U_XZ7Gc/X5h30Ue0nYI/AAAAAAAAAW8/Lv-R_eYri0YvSUiPDJD9CO08tiUKwqn4QCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h191/image.png" width="320" /></a></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"><br /></p>caranya : Rebus lah 15 Daun Kopi segar dengan suhu 100 C selama 20 menit, lalu didinginkan air rebusan tersebut disiram kan kepada tanaman cabe yang terkena penyakit. dan juga bisa digunakan untuk pencegahan penyakit kriting daun cabe.<p></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;">selamat mencoba semoga bermanfaat.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, "Hoefler Text", Garamond, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.476; margin: 0px auto 1.25em; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"> <br /><br /></p><div class="code-block code-block-8 ai-viewport-1 ai-viewport-2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; font-family: "Inter var", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21px; letter-spacing: -0.27px; margin: 8px auto; max-width: 90rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center; width: calc(100% - 4rem); word-break: break-word;"><div data-google-query-id="CPz4_Ni_1ewCFZMKjwodMEMNOg" id="div-gpt-ad-1578481637998-0" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"></div></div><br /></div><div class="post-meta-wrapper post-meta-single post-meta-single-top" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Inter var", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: -0.27px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 3rem; max-width: 58rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: center; width: 580px; word-break: break-word;"><ul class="post-meta" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; color: #6d6d6d; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; font-size: 1.6rem; justify-content: center; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: -1.4rem 0px 0px -3rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; word-break: break-word;"><li class="post-author meta-wrapper" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; align-items: center; border: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: flex; flex-shrink: 0; flex-wrap: nowrap; font-size: inherit; letter-spacing: -0.016875em; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1.4rem 0px 0px 3rem; max-width: calc(100% - 3rem); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word;"><span class="meta-icon" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; flex-shrink: 0; margin-right: 1rem; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span class="screen-reader-text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; clip-path: inset(50%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow-wrap: normal !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-break: normal;">Post author</span></span></li></ul></div>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-75993505841531777482020-10-27T12:20:00.004-07:002020-10-27T12:20:49.148-07:00<p> <span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">S<span style="color: #cc0000;">ifat -Sifat wanita penghuni syurga</span></span></p><h1 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">1. Menutup Aurat</span></h1><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Wanita terbaik itu menutup auratnya. Aurat wanita adalah seluruh tubuhnya kecuali wajah dan telapak tangan, menurut pendapat terkuat di antara pendapat para ulama.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Allah<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> Ta’ala</em> berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ قُلْ لِأَزْوَاجِكَ وَبَنَاتِكَ وَنِسَاءِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ جَلَابِيبِهِنَّ ذَلِكَ أَدْنَى أَنْ يُعْرَفْنَ فَلَا يُؤْذَيْنَ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hai Nabi, katakanlah kepada isteri-isterimu, anak-anak perempuanmu dan isteri-isteri orang mu’min: “Hendaklah mereka mendekatkan jilbabnya ke seluruh tubuh mereka“. Yang demikian itu supaya mereka lebih mudah untuk dikenal, karena itu mereka tidak di ganggu. Dan Allah adalah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.</em> (QS. Al Ahzab: 59).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Jilbab bukanlah penutup wajah, namun jilbab adalah kain yang dipakai oleh wanita setelah memakai khimar. Sedangkan khimar adalah penutup kepala.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Allah <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ta’ala</em> juga berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">وَقُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: “Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya.</em>” (QS. An Nuur: 31).</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">2- Berbusana dengan Memenuhi Syarat Pakaian yang Syar’i</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Wanita yang menjadi idaman sepatutnya memenuhi beberapa kriteria berbusana berikut ini yang kami sarikan dari berbagai dalil Al Qur’an dan As Sunnah.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syarat pertama: Menutupi seluruh tubuh (termasuk kaki) kecuali wajah dan telapak tangan.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syarat kedua: Bukan memakai pakaian untuk berhias diri.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Allah <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ta’ala</em> berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">وَقَرْنَ فِي بُيُوتِكُنَّ وَلَا تَبَرَّجْنَ تَبَرُّجَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ الْأُولَى</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dan hendaklah kamu tetap di rumahmu dan janganlah kamu ber-tabarruj seperti orang-orang jahiliyyah pertama.</em>” (QS. Al Ahzab : 33).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Abu ‘Ubaidah mengatakan, “Tabarruj adalah menampakkan kecantikan dirinya.” Az Zujaj mengatakan, “Tabarruj adalah menampakkan perhiasaan dan setiap hal yang dapat mendorong syahwat (godaan) bagi kaum pria.”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syarat ketiga: Longgar, tidak ketat dan tidak tipis sehingga tidak menggambarkan bentuk lekuk tubuh.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syarat keempat: Tidak diberi wewangian atau parfum. Dari Abu Musa Al Asy’ary bahwanya ia berkata, Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bersabda,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">أَيُّمَا امْرَأَةٍ اسْتَعْطَرَتْ فَمَرَّتْ عَلَى قَوْمٍ لِيَجِدُوا مِنْ رِيحِهَا فَهِيَ زَانِيَةٌ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Seorang perempuan yang mengenakan wewangian lalu melalui sekumpulan laki-laki agar mereka mencium bau harum yang dia pakai maka perempuan tersebut adalah seorang pelacur.</em>” (HR. An Nasa’i, Abu Daud, Tirmidzi dan Ahmad. Syaikh Al Albani dalam Shohihul Jami’ no. 323 mengatakan bahwa hadits ini shohih)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syarat kelima: Tidak menyerupai pakaian pria atau pakaian non muslim.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Dari Ibnu Abbas <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">radhiyallahu ‘anhu</em> berkata,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">لَعَنَ النَّبِىُّ – صلى الله عليه وسلم – الْمُخَنَّثِينَ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ ، وَالْمُتَرَجِّلاَتِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rasulullah melaknat kaum pria yang menyerupai kaum wanita dan kaum wanita yang menyerupai kaum pria.</em>” (HR. Bukhari no. 6834)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Rasulullah<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</em> juga bersabda,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">مَنْ تَشَبَّهَ بِقَوْمٍ فَهُوَ مِنْهُمْ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Barangsiapa yang menyerupai suatu kaum, maka dia termasuk bagian dari mereka</em>”.(HR. Ahmad dan Abu Dawud. Syaikhul Islam dalam Iqtidho’ mengatakan bahwa sanad hadits ini jayid/bagus)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Inilah di antara beberapa syarat pakaian wanita yang harus dipenuhi. Inilah wanita yang pantas dijadikan kriteria.</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">3- Betah Tinggal di Rumah</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Di antara yang diteladankan oleh para wanita salaf yang shalihah adalah betah berada di rumah dan bersungguh-sungguh menghindari laki-laki serta tidak keluar rumah kecuali ada kebutuhan yang mendesak. Hal ini dengan tujuan untuk menyelamatkan masyarakat dari godaan wanita yang merupakan godaan terbesar bagi laki-laki.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Allah <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ta’ala</em> berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">وَقَرْنَ فِي بُيُوتِكُنَّ وَلَا تَبَرَّجْنَ تَبَرُّجَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ الْأُولَى</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dan tinggallah kalian di dalam rumah-rumah kalian dan janganlah kalian berdandan sebagaimana dandan ala jahiliah terdahulu</em>” (QS Al Ahzab: 33).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Ibnu Katsir ketika menjelaskan ayat di atas mengatakan, “Hendaklah kalian tinggal di dalam rumah-rumah kalian dan janganlah kalian keluar rumah kecuali karena ada kebutuhan”.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Disebutkan bahwa ada orang yang bertanya kepada Saudah -istri Rasulullah-, “Mengapa engkau tidak berhaji dan berumrah sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh saudari-saudarimu (yaitu para istri Nabi yang lain, pent)?” Jawaban beliau, “Aku sudah pernah berhaji dan berumrah, sedangkan Allah memerintahkan aku untuk tinggal di dalam rumah”. Perawi mengatakan, “Demi Allah, beliau tidak pernah keluar dari pintu rumahnya kecuali ketika jenazahnya dikeluarkan untuk dimakamkan”. Sungguh moga Allah ridha kepadanya.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Ibnul ‘Arabi bercerita, “Aku sudah pernah memasuki lebih dari seribu perkampungan namun aku tidak menjumpai perempuan yang lebih terhormat dan terjaga melebihi perempuan di daerah Napolis, Palestina, tempat Nabi Ibrahim dilempar ke dalam api. Selama aku tinggal di sana aku tidak pernah melihat perempuan di jalan saat siang hari kecuali pada hari Jumat. Pada hari itu para perempuan pergi ke masjid untuk ikut shalat Jumat sampai masjid penuh dengan para perempuan. Begitu shalat Jumat berakhir mereka segera pulang ke rumah mereka masing-masing dan aku tidak melihat satupun perempuan hingga hari Jumat berikutnya”.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Dari Abdullah, Nabi <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</em> bersabda,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">إِنَّ الْمَرْأَةَ عَوْرَةٌ، وَإِنَّهَا إِذَا خَرَجَتْ مِنْ بَيْتِهَا اسْتَشْرَفَهَا الشَّيْطَانُ فَتَقُولُ: مَا رَآنِي أَحَدٌ إِلا أَعْجَبْتُهُ، وَأَقْرَبُ مَا تَكُونُ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِذَا كَانَتْ فِي قَعْرِ بَيْتِهَا”</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sesungguhnya perempuan itu aurat. Jika dia keluar rumah maka setan menyambutnya. Keadaan perempuan yang paling dekat dengan wajah Allah adalah ketika dia berada di dalam rumahnya</em>”. (HR Ibnu Khuzaimah no. 1685. Syaikh Al Albani mengatakan bahwa sanad hadits ini shahih)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Syaikhul Islam Ibnu Taimiyah rahimahullah mengatakan, “Tidak halal bagi seorang istri keluar dari rumah kecuali dengan izin suaminya.” Beliau juga berkata, “Bila si istri keluar rumah suami tanpa izinnya berarti ia telah berbuat nusyuz (pembangkangan), bermaksiat kepada Allah Ta’ala dan Rasul-Nya, serta pantas mendapatkan siksa.” (Majmu’ Al-Fatawa, 32: 281)</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">4- Memiliki Sifat Malu</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Rasulullah<em style="box-sizing: border-box;"> shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</em> bersabda,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">الْحَيَاءُ لاَ يَأْتِى إِلاَّ بِخَيْرٍ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rasa malu tidaklah mendatangkan kecuali kebaikan.</em>” (HR. Bukhari no. 6117 dan Muslim no. 37, dari ‘Imron bin Hushain.)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Kriteria ini juga semestinya ada pada setiap wanita. Contohnya adalah ketika bergaul dengan pria. Wanita yang baik seharusnya memiliki sifat malu yang sangat. Cobalah perhatikan contoh yang bagus dari wanita di zaman Nabi Musa ‘alaihis salam. Allah Ta’ala berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">وَلَمَّا وَرَدَ مَاءَ مَدْيَنَ وَجَدَ عَلَيْهِ أُمَّةً مِنَ النَّاسِ يَسْقُونَ وَوَجَدَ مِنْ دُونِهِمُ امْرَأتَيْنِ تَذُودَانِ قَالَ مَا خَطْبُكُمَا قَالَتَا لَا نَسْقِي حَتَّى يُصْدِرَ الرِّعَاءُ وَأَبُونَا شَيْخٌ كَبِيرٌ (23) فَسَقَى لَهُمَا ثُمَّ تَوَلَّى إِلَى الظِّلِّ فَقَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي لِمَا أَنْزَلْتَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَقِيرٌ (24)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dan tatkala ia sampai di sumber air negeri Mad-yan ia menjumpai di sana sekumpulan orang yang sedang meminumkan (ternaknya), dan ia men- jumpai di belakang orang banyak itu, dua orang wanita yang sedang menghambat (ternaknya). Musa berkata: “Apakah maksudmu (dengan berbuat begitu)?” Kedua wanita itu menjawab: “Kami tidak dapat meminumkan (ternak kami), sebelum pengembala-pengembala itu memulangkan (ternaknya), sedang bapak kami adalah orang tua yang telah lanjut umurnya”. Maka Musa memberi minum ternak itu untuk (menolong) keduanya.</em>” (QS. Qashash: 23-24). Lihatlah bagaimana bagusnya sifat kedua wanita ini, mereka malu berdesak-desakan dengan kaum lelaki untuk meminumkan ternaknya. Namun coba bayangkan dengan wanita di zaman sekarang ini!</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Tidak cukup sampai di situ kebagusan akhlaq kedua wanita tersebut. Lihatlah bagaimana sifat mereka tatkala datang untuk memanggil Musa ‘alaihis salaam; Allah melanjutkan firman-Nya,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">فَجَاءَتْهُ إِحْدَاهُمَا تَمْشِي عَلَى اسْتِحْيَاءٍ قَالَتْ إِنَّ أَبِي يَدْعُوكَ لِيَجْزِيَكَ أَجْرَ مَا سَقَيْتَ لَنَا</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“Kemudian datanglah kepada Musa salah seorang dari kedua wanita itu berjalan penuh rasa malu, ia berkata, ‘Sesungguhnya bapakku memanggil kamu agar ia memberikan balasan terhadap (kebaikan)mu memberi minum (ternak) kami.‘” (QS. Al Qashash : 25)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Ayat yang mulia ini,menjelaskan bagaimana seharusnya kaum wanita berakhlaq dan bersifat malu. Allah menyifati gadis wanita yang mulia ini dengan cara jalannya yang penuh dengan rasa malu dan terhormat.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Amirul Mukminin Umar bin Khoththob rodiyallohu ‘anhu mengatakan, “Gadis itu menemui Musa ‘alaihis salaam dengan pakaian yang tertutup rapat, menutupi wajahnya.” Sanad riwayat ini shahih.</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">5- Taat dan Menyenangkan Hati Suami</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Istri yang taat pada suami, senang dipandang dan tidak membangkang yang membuat suami benci, itulah sebaik-baik wanita. Dari Abu Hurairah radhiyallahu ‘anhu, dia berkata,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">قِيلَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَيُّ النِّسَاءِ خَيْرٌ قَالَ الَّتِي تَسُرُّهُ إِذَا نَظَرَ وَتُطِيعُهُ إِذَا أَمَرَ وَلَا تُخَالِفُهُ فِي نَفْسِهَا وَمَالِهَا بِمَا يَكْرَهُ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Pernah ditanyakan kepada Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam, “Siapakah wanita yang paling baik?” Jawab beliau, “Yaitu yang paling menyenangkan jika dilihat suaminya, mentaati suami jika diperintah, dan tidak menyelisihi suami pada diri dan hartanya sehingga membuat suami benci” (HR. An-Nasai no. 3231 dan Ahmad 2: 251. Syaikh Al Albani mengatakan bahwa hadits ini hasan shahih)</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Begitu pula tempat seorang wanita di surga ataukah di neraka dilihat dari sikapnya terhadap suaminya, apakah ia taat ataukah durhaka.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Al Hushoin bin Mihshan menceritakan bahwa bibinya pernah datang ke tempat Nabi <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</em> karena satu keperluan. Seselesainya dari keperluan tersebut, Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bertanya kepadanya,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">أَذَاتُ زَوْجٍ أَنْتِ؟ قَالَتْ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: كَيْفَ أَنْتِ لَهُ؟ قَالَتْ: مَا آلُوْهُ إِلاَّ مَا عَجَزْتُ عَنْهُ. قَالَ: فَانْظُرِيْ أينَ أَنْتِ مِنْهُ، فَإنَّمَا هُوَ جَنَّتُكِ وَنَارُكِ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“Apakah engkau sudah bersuami?” Bibi Al-Hushain menjawab, “Sudah.” “Bagaimana (sikap) engkau terhadap suamimu?”, tanya Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam lagi. Ia menjawab, “Aku tidak pernah mengurangi haknya kecuali dalam perkara yang aku tidak mampu.” Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bersabda, “Lihatlah di mana keberadaanmu dalam pergaulanmu dengan suamimu, karena suamimu adalah surga dan nerakamu.” (HR. Ahmad 4: 341 dan selainnya. Hadits ini shahih sebagaimana kata Syaikh Al Albani dalam Shahih At Targhib wa At Tarhib no. 1933)</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">6- Menjaga Kehormatan, Anak dan Harta Suami</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Allah Ta’ala berfirman,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">فَالصَّالِحَاتُ قَانِتَاتٌ حَافِظَاتٌ لِلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ اللَّهُ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sebab itu maka wanita yang saleh, ialah yang taat kepada Allah lagi memelihara diri ketika suaminya tidak ada</em>” (QS. An Nisa’: 34).</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Ath Thobari mengatakan dalam kitab tafsirnya (6: 692), “Wanita tersebut menjaga dirinya ketika tidak ada suaminya, juga ia menjaga kemaluan dan harta suami. Di samping itu, ia wajib menjaga hak Allah dan hak selain itu.”</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">7- Bersyukur dengan Pemberian Suami</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Seorang istri harus pandai-pandai berterima kasih kepada suaminya atas semua yang telah diberikan suaminya kepadanya. Bila tidak, si istri akan berhadapan dengan ancaman neraka Allah Ta’ala.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Seselesainya dari shalat Kusuf (shalat Gerhana), Nabi shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam bersabda menceritakan surga dan neraka yang diperlihatkan kepada beliau ketika shalat,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">وَرَأَيْتُ النَّارَ فَلَمْ أَرَ كَالْيَوْمِ مَنْظَرًا قَطُّ وَرَأَيْتُ أَكْثَرَ أَهْلِهَا النِّسَاءَ. قَالُوا: لِمَ يَا رَسُوْلَ اللهِ؟ قَالَ: بِكُفْرِهِنَّ. قِيْلَ: يَكْفُرْنَ بِاللهِ؟ قَالَ: يَكْفُرْنَ الْعَشِيْرَ وَيَكْفُرْنَ اْلإِحْسَانَ، لَوْ أَََحْسَنْتَ إِلىَ إِحْدَاهُنَّ الدَّهْرَ، ثُمَّ رَأَتْ مِنْكَ شَيْئًا قَالَتْ: مَا رَأَيْتُ مِنْكَ خَيْرًا قَطُّ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">“<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dan aku melihat neraka. Aku belum pernah sama sekali melihat pemandangan seperti hari ini. Dan aku lihat ternyata mayoritas penghuninya adalah para wanita.” Mereka bertanya, “Kenapa para wanita menjadi mayoritas penghuni neraka, ya Rasulullah?” Beliau menjawab, “Disebabkan kekufuran mereka.” Ada yang bertanya kepada beliau, “Apakah para wanita itu kufur kepada Allah?” Beliau menjawab, “(Tidak, melainkan) mereka kufur kepada suami dan mengkufuri kebaikan (suami). Seandainya engkau berbuat baik kepada salah seorang istri kalian pada suatu waktu, kemudian suatu saat ia melihat darimu ada sesuatu (yang tidak berkenan di hatinya) niscaya ia akan berkata, ‘Aku sama sekali belum pernah melihat kebaikan darimu</em>’.” (HR. Bukhari no. 5197 dan Muslim no. 907). Lihatlah bagaimana kekufuran si wanita cuma karena melihat kekurangan suami sekali saja, padahal banyak kebaikan lainnya yang diberi. Hujan setahun seakan-akan terhapus dengan kemarau sehari.</p><h5 style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 1.67em 0px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">8- Berdandan dan Berhias Diri Hanya Spesial untuk Suami</span></h5><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Sebagian istri saat ini di hadapan suami bergaya seperti tentara, berbau arang (alias: dapur) dan jarang mau berhias diri. Namun ketika keluar rumah, ia keluar bagai bidadari. Ini sungguh terbalik. Seharusnya di dalam rumah, ia berusaha menyenangkan suami. Demikianlah yang dinamakan sebaik-baik wanita.</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Dari Abu Hurairah <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">radhiyallahu ‘anhu</em>, dia berkata,</p><p dir="RTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 23px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; text-align: center;">قِيلَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَيُّ النِّسَاءِ خَيْرٌ قَالَ الَّتِي تَسُرُّهُ إِذَا نَظَرَ وَتُطِيعُهُ إِذَا أَمَرَ وَلَا تُخَالِفُهُ فِي نَفْسِهَا وَمَالِهَا بِمَا يَكْرَهُ</p><p style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Pernah ditanyakan kepada Rasulullah <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam</em>, “Siapakah wanita yang paling baik?” Jawab beliau, “Yaitu yang paling menyenangkan jika dilihat suaminya, mentaati suami jika diperintah, dan tidak menyelisihi suami pada diri dan hartanya sehingga membuat suami benci” (HR. An-Nasai no. 3231 dan Ahmad 2: 251. Syaikh Al Albani mengatakan bahwa hadits ini hasan shahih)</p><p><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Simak selengkapnya disini. Klik <a href="https://muslim.or.id/21207-8-sifat-wanita-terbaik.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2ca5d2; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 200ms ease-in 0s;">https://muslim.or.id/21207-8-sifat-wanita-terbaik.html</a></span></p>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-14817515198107740712020-07-08T23:26:00.001-07:002020-08-24T09:32:08.149-07:00Type semenk<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA
DASAR PERTEMUAN KE 9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENYUSUN
DAN TYPE SEMEN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>JENIS SEMEN
& FUNGSINYA<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.35pt; margin-right: 2.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.65pt;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Banyak orang mengira bahwa semua jenis semen sama saja, tapi
ternyata terdapat beragam macam jenis produk. Bahkan, hanya beberapa tipe yang
memang lumrah dijual sebagai <i>retail </i>di pasaran, sedangkan
sebagian lagi tak bisa ditemukan di pasaran karena hanya bisa dibeli melalui
pemesanan khusus. Beragam jenis ini jelas memiliki beberapa tipe dengan
karakter dan kegunaan yang berbeda-beda. Tipe semen untuk membangun rumah, tentu
berbeda dengan material semen yang digunakan untuk proyek besar seperti halnya
membuat sumur bumi. </span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.lamudi.co.id/journal/daftar-harga-semen-terbaru/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Harga
semen</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> pun berbeda-beda sesuai dengan
bahan bakunya. Berikut Lamudi berikan informasi mengenai j<span style="color: #222222;">enis, tipe, kegunaan, dan karakter yang dimiliki oleh
semen. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.2. Jenis
Semen biasa/ Abu –Abu</span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="color: #222222;">Semen jenis ini memiliki nama
lain Portland yang merupakan semen bubuk yang berwarna abu kebiruan.
Kegunaannya antara lain untuk penggunaan umum seperti rumah dan bangunan
tinggi. Berbahan dasar batu kapur atau gamping yang diolah dengan dalam suhu
tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Ada 5 tipe yang berbeda
diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.2.1. Jenis Semen
Portland Type I</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="color: #222222;">Jenis semen portland type I
mungkin yang paling familiar disekitar Anda karena paling banyak digunakan oleh
masyarakat luas dan beredar di pasaran. Jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk
konstruksi bangunan umum yang tidak memerlukan persyaratan khusus untuk hidrasi
panas dan kekuatan tekan awal. <b>Kegunaan Semen Portland Type I</b> diantaranya
konstruksi bangunan untuk rumah permukiman, gedung bertingkat, dan jalan
raya. <b>Karakteristik Semen Portland Type I</b> ini cocok digunakan
di lokasi pembangunan di kawasan yang jauh dari pantai dan memiliki kadar
sulfat rendah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.2. 2. Jenis Semen
Portland Type II</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Kondisi letak geografis ternyata
menyebabakan perbedaan kadar asam sulfat dalam air dan tanah dan juga tingkat
hidrasi. Oleh karena itu, keadaan tersebut mempengaruhi kebutuhan semen yang
berbeda. <b>Kegunaan Semen Portland Type II </b>pada umumnya sebagai
material bangunan yang letaknya dipinggir laut, tanah rawa, dermaga, saluran
irigasi, dan bendungan. <b>Karakteristik Semen Portland Type II</b> yaitu
tahan terhadap asam sulfat antara 0,10 hingga 0,20 persen dan hidrasi panas
yang bersifat sedang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.2.3. Jenis Semen
Portland Type III</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Berbeda <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan tipe I yang digunakan untuk konstruksi
tanpa persyaratan khusus, <b>kegunaan semen portland type III</b> memenuhi
syarat konstruksi bangunan dengan persyaratan khusus. <b>Karakteristik
Semen Portland Type III</b> diantaranya adalah memiliki daya tekan awal
yang tinggi pada permulaan setelah proses pengikatan terjadi, lalu kemudian
segera dilakukan penyelesaian secepatnya. <b>Jenis semen Portland type III</b> digunakan
untuk pembuatan bangunan tingkat tinggi, jalan beton atau jalan raya bebas
hambatan, hingga bandar udara dan bangunan dalam air yang tidak memerlukan
ketahanan asam sulfat. Ketahananya Portland Type III menyamai kekuatan umur 28
hari beton yang menggunakan Portland type I. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.2.4. Jenis Semen
Portland Type IV</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;">Karakteristik Semen Portland
IV </span></b><span style="color: #222222;">adalah jenis semen yang dalam
penggunaannya membutuhkan panas hidrasi rendah. Jenis semen portland type
IV diminimalkan pada fase pengerasan sehingga tidak terjadi keretakkan.
Kegunaan Portland Type IV digunakan untuk dam hingga lapangan udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.2.5. Jenis Semen
Portland Type V</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;">Karakteristik Semen Portland
Type V</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> untuk konstruksi bangunan
yang membutuhkan daya tahan tinggi terhadap kadar asam sulfat tingkat tinggi
lebih dari 0,20 persen. <b>Kegunaan Semen Potrtland Type V</b> dirancang
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan di wilayah dengan kadar asam sulfat tinggi seperti
misalnya rawa-rawa, air laut atau pantai, serta kawasan tambang. Jenis bangunan
yang membutuhkan jenis ini diantaranya bendungan, pelabuhan, konstruksi dalam
air, hingga pembangkit tenaga nuklir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.3. Jenis
Semen Campur</span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Beberapa jenis semen campur
diantaranya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.3.1. Portland
Composite Cement (PCC)</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;">Kegunaan Portland Composite
(PCC)</span></b><span style="color: #222222;"> ini secara luas adalah bahan pengikat
untuk konstruksi beton umum, pasangan batu bata, beton pra cetak, beton pra
tekan, paving block, plesteran dan acian, dan sebagainya. <b>Karakteristik
Portland Composite Cement</b> (PCC) lebih mudah dikerjakan, kedap
air, tahan sulfat, dan tidak mudah retak. Material ini terdiri dari beberapa
unsur diantaranya terak, gypsum, dan bahan anoraganik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.3.2. Super Portland
Pozzolan Composite Cement (PPC)</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Kegunaan super portland pozzolan
composite cement diantaranya adalah sebagai konstruksi beton massa, konstruksi
di tepi pantai dan tanah rawa yang harus memiliki ketahanan terhadap sulfat,
tahan hidrasi panas sedang, pekerjaan pasangan dan plesteran. Beberapa jenis
bangunan yang menggunakan produk ini diantaranya perumahan, jalan raya,
dermaga, irigasi, dan sebagainya. Semen ini merupakan pengikat hidrolis seperti
halnya PCC namun terdiri dari campuran terak, gypsum, dan pozzolan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.3.3. Special
Blended Cemeny (SBC)</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Ada yang istimewa dari jenis
special belended cement (SBC) atau semen campur karena khusus dirancang dalam
pembangunan jembatan terbesar yang menghubungkan Surabaya dengan Madura yang
dikenal dengan Jembatan Suramadu. <b>Karakteristik special blended cement</b> tentu
memenuhi kebutuhan konstruksi bangunan pada air laut seperti halnya jembatan
Suramadu yang berdiri diatas laut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">9.3.4. Super
Masonry Cement (SMC)</span></strong><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #222222;">Kegunaan Super Masonry Cement
(SMC) </span></b><span style="color: #222222;">diantaranya sebagai bahan
baku genteng beton, tegel, hollow brick, dan paving block. Selain itu,
digunakan hanya pada kisaran konstruksi bangunan rumah atau irigasi dengan
struktur beton paling besar K225. Tipe ini pertama kali diperkenalkan di USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.3.5.
Oil Well Cement (OWC) Class G-HSR (High Sulfate Resistance)</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Material yang digunakan untuk
sumur bumi. Karakteristik Oil Well Cement (OWC) Class G-HSR yang tahan terhadap
sulfat tinggi ini merupakan jenis yang dibuat untuk kegunaan khusus di
kedalaman dan temperatur tertentu yang bisa disesuaikan dan kecepatan
pengerasan dikurangi. Diantara proyek yang menggunakan material ini yaitu sumur
minyak bumi di bawah permukaan bumi dan laut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.3.6. Semen
Thang Long PCB40</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Karakteristik semen thang long
PCB40 yang memiliki daya tahan tinggi terhadap sulfat sesuai untuk konstruksi
bangunan bawah tanah dan air. Tak hanya itu, semen ini juga memeiliki daya
tahan terhadap penyerapan air, erosi lingkungan, dan tahan lama. Jenis ini juga
hemat digunakan karena kekuatannya. Iklim Vietnam sangat pas untuk penggunaan
jenis semen ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.3.7.
Semen Thang Long PC50</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Kegunaan semen thang long PC50
yang banyak digunakan untuk proyek-proyek besar dan rumit sehingga membutuhkan
jenis semen dengan spesifikasi tinggi. Standarisasi yang setara Asia, Eropa,
bahkan Amerika ini diaplikasikan untuk jembataan hingga pembangkir listrik.
Karakteristik semen thang long PC50 diantaranya memiliki ketahanan tinggi
terhadap sulfat sehingga bisa pula digunakan di bawah tanah dan air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semen Putih ( white portland cement)</span><span style="color: #111111; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Kegunaan semen putih diaplikasikan untung lapisan keramik
hingga dekorasi interior dan eksterior bangunan. Merek yang beredar dipasaran
adalah Semen Tiga Roda, Plamur Kingkong, Semen Putuh Cap Gajah dan Semen Putih
Panda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semen Acian Putih/Mortar
TR30</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222;">Katarekteristik semen acian putih atau mortar TR30 ialah
memiliki daya rekat yang tinggi dan dapat menghasilkan permukaan acian yang
lebih halus. Oleh karena itu, tidak mudah retak, dan terkelupas. Waktu
pengerjaannya juga cenderung lebih cepat. Kegunaan semen acian putih adalah
untuk untuk <i>finishing</i> seperti diantaranya plesteran, acian,
pasangan keramik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-23980818431720089932020-05-14T01:19:00.002-07:002020-05-14T01:20:40.138-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KULIAH
KIMIA DASAR PERTEMUAN KE LIMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA DAN APLIKASINYA
DALAM TEKNIK SIPIL</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">4.1. MATERIAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Di bidang Teknik
Sipil, ilmu Kimia seringkali sangat dibutuhkan. Penggunaan bahan dalam
pembangunan kontruksi sipil seperti . Semen, kayu, cat, pipa PVC, dan beton
dihasilkan melalui riset yang berdasarkan ilmu Kimia. Kain sintetis yang Anda
gunakan juga merupakan hasil penerapan ilmu Kimia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">4.1.1.Pipa PVC Polivinil klorida <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">PVC, adalah
polimer termoplastik urutan ketiga dalam hal jumlah pemakaian di dunia, setelah
polietilena dan polipropilena. Di seluruh dunia, lebih dari 50% PVC yang
diproduksi dipakai dalam konstruksi. Sebagai bahan bangunan, PVC relatif murah,
tahan lama, dan mudah dirangkai. PVC bisa dibuat lebih elastis dan fleksibel
dengan menambahkan plasticizer, umumnya ftalat. PVC yang fleksibel umumnya
dipakai sebagai bahan pakaian, perpipaan, atap, dan insulasi kabel listrik. PVC
diproduksi dengan cara polimerisasi monomer vinil klorida (CH2=CHCl). Karena
57% massanya adalah klor, PVC adalah polimer yang menggunakan bahan baku minyak
bumi terendah di antara polimer lainnya. Proses produksi yang dipakai pada
umumnya adalah polimerisasi suspensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Pada proses ini,
monomer vinil klorida dan air diintroduksi ke reaktor polimerisasi dan
inisiator polimerisasi, bersama bahan kimia tambahan untuk menginisiasi reaksi.
Kandungan pada wadah reaksi terus-menerus dicampur untuk mempertahankan
suspensi dan memastikan keseragaman ukuran partikel resin PVC. Reaksinya adalah
eksotermik, dan membutuhkan mekanisme pendinginan untuk mempertahankan reaktor
pada temperatur yang dibutuhkan. Karena volume berkontraksi selama reaksi (PVC
lebih padat dari pada monomer vinil klorida), air secara kontinu ditambah ke
campuran untuk mempertahankan suspensi. Ketika reaksi sudah selesai, hasilnya,
cairan PVC, harus dipisahkan dari kelebihan monomer vinil klorida yang akan
dipakai lagi untuk reaksi berikutnya. Lalu cairan PVC yang sudah jadi akan
disentrifugasi untuk memisahkan kelebihan air. Cairan lalu dikeringkan dengan
udara panas dan dihasilkan butiran PVC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada operasi normal, kelebihan monomer vinil
klorida pada PVC hanya sebesar kurang dari 1 PPM. Proses produksi lainnya,
seperti suspensi mikro dan polimerisasi emulsi, menghasilkan PVC dengan butiran
yang berukuran lebih kecil, dengan sedikit perbedaan sifat dan juga perbedaan
aplikasinya. Produk proses polimerisasi adalah PVC murni. Sebelum PVC menjadi
produk akhir, biasanya membutuhkan konversi dengan menambahkan heat stabilizer,
UV stabilizer, pelumas, plasticizer, bahan penolong proses, pengatur termal,
pengisi, bahan penahan api, biosida, bahan pengembang, dan pigmen pilihan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Semen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Dalam perkembangan
zaman semen diciptakan untuk memenuhi pesanan akan bangunan yang kian
meningkat. Salah satu terapan kimia dalam bidang teknik sipil adalah pembuatan
semen. Karena itu perlu dikaji lebih khusus, semen merupakan bahan dasar dari
sebuah bangunan. Maka perlu kita ketahui kandungan semen : Trikalsium silikat
Dikalsium silikat Trikalsium aluminat Tetrakalsium aluminofe Gipsum 1.c BETON
Beton adalah sebuah bahan bangunan komposit yang terbuat dari kombinasi
aggregat dan pengikat semen. Bentuk paling umum dari beton adalah beton semen
Portland, yang terdiri dari agregat mineral (biasanya kerikil dan pasir), semen
dan air. Biasanya dipercayai bahwa beton mengering setelah pencampuran dan
peletakan. Sebenarnya, beton tidak menjadi padat karena air menguap, tetapi
semen berhidrasi, mengelem komponen lainnya bersama dan akhirnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">membentuk material seperti-batu. Beton digunakan untuk
membuat perkerasan jalan, struktur bangunan, fondasi, jalan, jembatan
penyeberangan, struktur parkiran, dasar untuk pagar/gerbang, dan semen dalam
bata atau tembok blok. Nama lama untuk beton adalah batu cair. Dalam
perkembangannya banyak ditemukan beton baru hasil modifikasi, seperti beton
ringan, beton semprot (eng: shotcrete), beton fiber, beton berkekuatan tinggi,
beton berkekuatan sangat tinggi, beton mampat sendiri (eng: self compacted
concrete) dll. Saat ini beton merupakan bahan bangunan yang paling banyak
dipakai di dunia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Cat Kayu dan Tembok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Cat digunakan
untuk memperindah ruangan dengan warna yang menarik. Cat yang biasanya sering
dipakai adalah cat kayu dan cat tembok. Daya lekat antara cat tembok dan cat
kayu berbeda. Cat kayu mempunyai daya rekat yang lebih kuat daripada cat
tembok. Bahan kimia yang ada dalam cat tembok di anataranya adalah kalsium
karbonat (CaCo), titanium dioksida (TiO), PVAC (Poly Vinly Acrylic), kaolin,
pigmen, dan air. Kalsium karbonat dan titanium dioksida digunakan ebagai bahan
baku utama dalam cat tembok. PVAC digunakan sebagai bahan Kimia Dalam Cat. Cat
digunakan untuk memperindah ruangan dengan warna yang menarik. Cat yang
biasanya sering dipakai adalah cat kayu dan cat tembok. Daya lekat antara cat
tembok dan cat kayu berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Cat kayu mempunyai
daya rekat yang lebih kuat daripada cat tembok. Bahan kimia yang ada dalam cat
tembok di antaranya adalah kalsium karbonat (CaCo), titanium dioksida (TiO),
PVAC (Poly Vinly Acrylic), kaolin, pigmen, dan air. Kalsium karbonat dan
titanium dioksida digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama dalam cat tembok. PVAC
digunakan sebagai bahan pengental dan perekat. Adapun kaolin digunakan sebagai
bahan pengisi dan pigmen sebagai bahan untuk memberikan warna yang diinginkan.
Bahan baku cat kayu hampir sama dengan bahan baku pada cat tembok.
Perbedaannya, pada cat kayu ditambahkan lateks (getah karet) dan sebagai
pelarutnya digunakan terpentin bukan air. Terpentin digunakan sebagai pelarut
karena dapat melarutkan lateks. a rekat yang lebih kuat daripada cat tembok. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Cat tembok mempunyai
unsur kimia seperti <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalsium karbonat
(CaCo), titanium dioksida (TiO), PVAC (Poly Vinly Acrylic), kaolin, pigmen, dan
air. Kalsium karbonat dan titanium dioksida digunakan ebagai bahan baku utama
dalam cat tembok. PVAC digunakan sebagai bahan pengental dan perekat. Adapun
kaolin digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi dan pigmen sebagai bahan untuk
memberikan warna yang diinginkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Keramik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Keramik adalah material-material padat anorganik nonlogam.
Material tersebut dapat berupa kristalin atau nonkristalin. Keramik
nonkristalin meliputi gelas dan material lain dengan struktur tidak beraturan
(amorf), sedangkan yang kristalin memiliki struktur beraturan. Keramik dapat
memiliki struktur jaringan kovalen, ikatan ion, atau gabungan keduanya. Secara
umum bersifat keras, getas, dan stabil terhadap suhu sangat tinggi. Contoh umum
keramik, misalnya semen, keramik cina, bata tahan api, insulator listrik, dan
suku cadang mesin seperti. Bahan-bahan keramik berasal dari berbagai bahan
kimia meliputi silikat, oksida logam, karbida (karbon dan logam), nitrida
(nitrogen dan logam), atau alumina (Al 2 O 3 ). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> Objek-objek
keramik banyak yang lebih tegar dan kuat ketika dibentuk dari campuran kompleks
dua atau lebih material. Campuran seperti ini dinamakan komposit. Komposit
lebih efektif dibentuk melalui penambahan fiber keramik ke dalam material
keramik. Pembentukan fiber keramik dapat diilustrasikan, misalnya dengan
silikon karbida (SiC) atau karborundum. Komposit keramik secara luas digunakan
sebagai alat pemotong logam. Misalnya, alumina diperkuat dengan silikon karbida
yang digunakan untuk memotong dan pengeras logam paduan berbasis nikel.
Material keramik juga digunakan untuk roda penggiling dan ampelas sebab
memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi. Beberapa keramik, seperti kuarsa (kristal SiO2)
merupakan piezo elektric. Kuarsa ini dapat membangkitkan potensial listrik jika
bahan tersebut ditekan secara mekanik. Salah satu kegunaan material keramik yang
sangat populer adalah keramik untuk lantai (tile ceramic) dengan permukaan
mengkilap. Selain memiliki nilai estetika yang indah, keramik juga dapat
melindungi panas dari bumi sehingga lantai tetap terasa dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Keramik Super konduktor adalah bahan yang kehilangan
tahanan listrik jika didinginkan sampai suhu tertentu. Ini berarti, arus
listrik yang mengalir pada bahan superkonduktor tidak akan kehilangan panas,
tidak seperti arus listrik dalam bahan konduktor biasa (banyak panas terbuang).
Sekali arus dilewatkan ke dalam bahan superkonduktor, secara terusmenerus
listrik mengalir tanpa batas dan tanpa hambatan. Sifat menarik lainnya dari
superkonduktor adalah memiliki diamagnetis sempurna yang menolak semua medan
magnet secara sempurna. Senyawa, seperti itrium-barium-tembaga oksida (YBa 2 Cu
3 O 7 ) bersifat superkonduktor pada 95 K dan HgBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8 + x memiliki
tahanan nol pada 1 atm dan 133 K. Superkonduktor dengan sifat-sifat dapat
menghantarkan arus listrik dengan tahanan nol dapat menghemat energi di dalam
banyak aplikasi, seperti generator listrik, motor listrik, dan pada chip
komputer yang lebih cepat dan lebih kecil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Dalam pengerjaan struktur bangunan sipil masih ada bahan
lain yang digunakan, seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besi, baja,
batu bata, juga tak terlepas dari proses kimia untuk membuatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 15.8pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-38004403581407594832020-05-14T01:16:00.001-07:002020-05-14T01:16:17.027-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KIMIA
DASAR PERTEMUAN KE 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TERMOKIMIA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Termokimia
merupakan bagian dari ilmu kimia yang mempelajari reaksi-reaksi kimia beserta
perubahan kalor yang menyertainya. Kalor adalah bentuk energi yang berhubungan
dengan perbedaan temperatur atau suhu <b>tetapi</b> kalor tidak sama dengan
suhu. sebagai ilustrasi perhatikan contoh berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">misalnya
kita memanaskan dua panci air, kedua panci mempunyai suhu yang sama yakni 25<sup>0</sup>C
dan kita panaskan hingga keduanya bersuhu 75<sup>0</sup>C. Panci pertama berisi
1 liter air sedangkan panci kedua berisi 2 liter air. Dari peristiwa ini dapat
dikatakan bahwa perubahan temperatur kedua benda sama yakni 75<sup>0</sup>C -
25<sup>0</sup>C = 50<sup>0</sup>C. Namun, kalor air dalam panci kedua dua kali
lebih besar dari air dalam panci pertama, karena jumlah airnya 2 kali lebih
banyak. Jadi selain dipengaruhi oleh temperatur, kalor juga dipengaruhi oleh
kapasitas kalor benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.1. Kalor</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kalor
adalah sebagai energi yang dipindahkan karena perbedaan suhu. Energi sebagai
kalor mengalir dari benda yang lebih panas (suhu lebih tinggi) ke benda yang
lebih dingin(suhu lebih rendah). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<b>KAPASITAS KALOR</b> suatu zat adalah masukan energi yang diperlukan untuk
menaikkan temperaturnya sebesar 1 <sup>0</sup>C. Kapasitas kalor tergantung
pada jumlah zat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>∆T
= T<sub>f</sub> – T<sub>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimana T<sub>f<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah suhu akhir, dan suhu awal adalah T<sub>i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam perhitungan yang lain energi kalor
adalah hukum kekekalan energi. Dlm interaksi antara benda-benda atau zat-zat ,
energi total tetap sama. Contoh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam
pertukaran energi kalor di antara timbal (q<sub>timbal</sub>) dan air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(q<sub>air</sub> ) jumlah total energi kalor
harus nol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>timbal</sub> + q<sub>air</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>timbal</sub> =- q<sub>air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jadi kedua suhu harus sama besar dan tanda
nya berlawanan. Kalor yang dilepas kan oleh satu benda harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diterima benda lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;">Kalor
Reaksi adalah banyaknya energi kalor. diberi lambang qrxn . Ketika proses
metabolisme sukrosa (gula tebu)
berlangsung dalam tubuh , terjadilah deret reaksi kimia yang rumit dan konversi
energi. Seperti hasil pembakaran sempurna sukrosa yaitu menghasilkan CO2(g) dan H2O(c).</span></span></sub></div>
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<sub><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"> </span></sub><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">C12
H22 O11(p) +12 O2(g) 12 CO2(g) +11 H2O(c)</span></sub></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></sub></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada laboratorium penentuan kalor reaksi
dilakukan dengan alat kalorimeter. Pada percobaan di laboratorium, penetuan
kalorimeter bom yaitu pereaksi dan hasil reaksinya. Pada reaksi ini memerlukan
tiga kalor yaitu, qrxn , qair dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q
kalorimeter . Maka persamaannya menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></span></sub></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>qrxn + qair +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q kalorimeter = 0 atau <o:p></o:p></span></span></sub></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>qrxn = - (qair + q kalorimeter) <o:p></o:p></span></span></sub></div>
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<sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>contoh soal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Pembakaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,010g sukrosa C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub>
O<sub>11</sub> dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalorimeter bom ,
menyebabkan suhu air<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkat dari 24,92 menjadi 28,33<sup>o</sup>C,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kalorimeter berisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>980 g air dan kapasitas kalor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kalorimeter 785 J/<sup>o</sup>C. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Berapakah kalor pembakaran
sukrosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dinyatakan dalam KJ/C<sub>12</sub>
H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11 </sub>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Berapakah kalori, apabila satu
sendok teh gula pasir mengandung ( 4,98 g) ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hitung masing-masing q<sub>air</sub> dan q <sub>kalorimeter</sub>
secara terpisah, karena 1 kal = 4,184 J kalor <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jenis air ditulis sebagai 4,184 J (gH<sub>2</sub>O)<sup>-1</sup>
<sup>0</sup>C<sup>-1</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>air</sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> =</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>980,0 g H<sub>2</sub>O x <u>4,184J</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x (28,33-24,92)<sup>0</sup>C = 1,40 x10<sup>4</sup>
J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gH<sub>2</sub>O <sup>0</sup>C<sup>-</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>kalorimeter</sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">= <u>785J </u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>N<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>X
(28,33-24,92)<sup>0</sup>C= 2,68 x 10<sup>3</sup>J= 0,27 x 10<sup>4</sup>J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sup>0</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekarang hitung q<sub>rxn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>untuk 1,010 g<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">q<sub>rxn = -</sub> (q<sub>air</sub>
+ q <sub>kalorimeter</sub>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=- (1,40 x10<sup>4</sup> J+ 0,27 x 10<sup>4</sup>J)=
-1,67 x 10<sup>4</sup> J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Per
gram C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q<sub>rxn
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-1,67 x 10<sup>4</sup> J </u>= -1,65 x 10<sup>4 </sup>J/ g C<sub>12
</sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>=<u>
</u>-16,5 kJ/ g C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1,010 g C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11</sub>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q <sub>rxn</sub>
=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>-16,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kJ</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>342 g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub></u><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>= -5,643 x 10<sup>3</sup> kJ/mol C<sub>12
</sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11</sub> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mol C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11</sub>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Salah satu kuantitas
kalor yg di hitung pada bagian adalah kalor pembakaran per gram sukrosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yg diperlukan adalah kalor pembakaran 4,8
g(satu sendok teh)sukrosa sehingga perlu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengubah hasil tersebut menjadi kkal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah kkal=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>-16,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kJ</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,8 g C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub> O<sub>11 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x <u>1 kkal</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= -19kkal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<sub>12 </sub>H<sub>22</sub>
O<sub>11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,184 k</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">2.Perubahan asam
benzoat sering digunakan dilaboratorium untuk menentukan kapasitas kalor dari
kalorimeter bom yang digunakan jika pembakaran 1,000g contoh asam benzoat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">(C</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt;">7 </sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt;">6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">)
menyebabkan suhu air naik sebanyak 4,96</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt;">0</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">C, ketika kalorimeter bom
berisi 1085g air, berapakah kapasitas kalor dari kalorimeter?(buku pedoman
mencantumkan kalor pembakaran asam benzoat sebesar-26,42kJ/g)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>q <sub>rxn</sub> = -26,42kJ=-2,642 x 10<sup>4</sup>J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=-[(1085 g air x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>4,184 J</u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>x 4,96<sup>0</sup>C) + (kapasitas kalor x
4,96<sup>0</sup>C)]=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-2,642 x 10<sup>4</sup>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">g air </span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; text-indent: 36pt;">0</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 36pt;">C</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>-2,25 x10<sup>4</sup> J - kapasitas kalor x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4,96<sup>0</sup>C= -2,642 x 10<sup>4</sup> J<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kapasitas kalor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <u>-2,25 x10<sup>4</sup> J+ 2,642 x 10<sup>4</sup>
J</u> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>4,96<sup>0</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7,9 x
10<sup>2</sup> J/<sup>0</sup>C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br /><br />
mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-34820608759877233442020-05-14T01:01:00.000-07:002020-05-14T01:01:05.264-07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KULIAH
KIMIA DASAR PERTEMUAN KETIGA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">POLAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Senyawa Polar Dan Non
Polar:</span></strong><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Untuk membedakan kedua senyawa berikut ini yakni senyawa polar dan non polar
yang dapat ditunjukan dari beberapa sisi yang diantaranya dari ciri senyawa,
distribusi elektronnya dan ukuran kuantitatif titik didih.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ciri senyawa, distribusi elektronnya dan ukuran kuantitatif titik
didih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1. Senyawa Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">`Senyawa yang
terbentuk akibat adanya suatu ikatan antar elektron pada unsur-unsurnya. Hal
ini terjadi karena unsur yang berikatan tersebut mempunyai nilai
keelektronegatifitas yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1.1 Ciri – Ciri Senyawa Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Ada beberapa ciri-ciri senyawa
polar yang diantaranya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat larut dalam air dan
pelarut polar lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki kutub + dan kutub –
akibat tidak meratanya distribusi electron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki pasangan elektron
bebas “apabila bentuk molekul diketahui” atau memiliki perbedaan
keelektronegatifan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 35.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh Senyawa Polar :<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkhol, HCI, PC13,
H2O, N2O5.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">H2O, HCL, HF, HI
dan HBr<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2. Senyawa Non Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Senyawa yang terbentuk
akibat adanya suatu ikatan antar elektron pada unsur-unsur yang membentuknya.
Hal ini terjadi karena unsur yang berikatan mempunyai nilai elektronegatifitas
yang sama/hampir sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-Ciri Senyawa Non
Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak larut dalam air dan
pelarut polar lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak memiliki
kutub + dan kutub – akibat meratanya distribusi elektron.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak memiliki
pasangan eletron bebas “bila bentuk molekul diketahui” atau
keelektronegarifannnya sama.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh Senyawa Non Polar :<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C12, PC15, H2, N2.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">O2, CO2,CH4 dan
Cl2<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_122" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/POLAR.jpg"
style='width:173.25pt;height:119.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Acer\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="POLAR"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="https://www.gurupendidikan.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/POLAR.jpg" height="159" src="file:///C:/Users/Acer/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_122" width="231" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.55pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt;">3.3. Ukuran Kuantitatif Titik Didih Senyawa Kovalen<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Dalam hal ini
untuk senyawa polar titik didihnya lebih tinggi dari pada senyawa non polar
seperti yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urutan titik didih, ikatan hidrogen > dipol-dipol
> non polar-non polar atau ikatan hidrogen > van der waals > gaya
london.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila sama-sama polar/non polar, yang Mr besar titik
didihnya lebih besar.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk senyawa karbon Mr
sama, rantai C memanjang titik didih > rantai bercabang “bulat”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4. Polarisasi Ikatan Kovalen</span></strong><span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Suatu ikatan
kovalen disebut polar, jika Pasangan Elektron Ikatan (PEI) tertarik lebih kuat
ke salah 1 atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh 1 : Molekul HCl<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Meskipun atom H dan Cl sama-sama menarik pasangan elektron,
tetapi keelektronegatifan Cl lebih besar daripada atom H.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Akibatnya atom Cl
menarik pasangan elektron ikatan (PEI) lebih kuat daripada atom H sehingga
letak PEI lebih dekat ke arah Cl (akibatnya terjadi semacam kutub dalam molekul
HCl).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Kepolaran suatu
ikatan kovalen disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan keelektronegatifan antara
atom-atom yang berikatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Sebaliknya, suatu
ikatan kovalen dikatakan non polar (tidak berkutub), jika PEI tertarik sama
kuat ke semua atom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh 2 :<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Dalam tiap molekul di atas, ke-2 atom yang berikatan
menarik PEI sama kuat karena atom-atom dari unsur sejenis mempunyai harga
keelektronegatifan yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Akibatnya muatan
dari elektron tersebar secara merata sehingga tidak terbentuk kutub.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h4 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh 3 :<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Meskipun atom-atom penyusun CH4 dan CO2 tidak sejenis, akan
tetapi pasangan elektron tersebar secara simetris diantara atom-atom penyusun
senyawa, sehingga PEI tertarik sama kuat ke semua atom (tidak terbentuk kutub).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.5. Sifat – Sifat Senyawa Kovalen<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Sifat-sifat
senyawa kovalen antara lain kebanyakan menunjukkan titik leleh rendah, pada
suhu kamar berbentuk cairan atau gas, larut dalam pelarut non polar dan sedikit
larut dalam air, sedikit menghantarkan listrik, mudah terbakar dan banyak yang
berbau.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">secara umum,
senyawa polar larut dalam pelarut polar, sedangkan senyawa nonpolar larut dalam
pelarut nonpolar. Air merupakan pelarut universal yang bersifat polar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Air akan
melarutkan senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat polar, dan sebaliknya, tidak
melarutkan senyawa nonpolar. Berdasarkan sifat pelarut air tersebut, maka kita
dapat mengetahui kepolaran suatu senyawa dengan menguji kelarutannya dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #af1c1c; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6. Perbedaan Senyawa Polar Dengan Non Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">Ada beberapa perbedaan senyawa
polar dengan non polar yang diantaranya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6.1 Senyawa Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat larut dalam
air.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki pasangan
eketron bebas “bentuk tidak simteris”.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berakhir ganjil,
kecuali BX3 dan PX5.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<strong><span style="color: black;">Contoh:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> NH3, PCI3, H2O, HCI, HBr, SO3, N2O5, CI2O5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="background: white; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3a5199; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.6.2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senyawa Non Polar<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak dapat larut
dalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memiliki pasangan elektron bebas “bentuk
simteris”.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: black; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berakhir genap.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<strong><span style="color: black;">Contoh:</span></strong><span style="color: black;"> F2, CI2, Br2, I2, O2, H2, N2, CH4, SF6, PCI5, BCI3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Senyawa polar
memiliki perbedaan keelektronegatifan yang besar, perbedaan harga ini mendorong
timbulnya kutub kutub listrik yang permanen ( dipol permanent ) Jadi antar
molekul polar terjadi gaya tarik dipol permanent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Senyawa non polar
memiliki perbedaan keelektronegatifan yang kecil, bahkan untuk senyawa biner
dwiatom ( seperti O2,H2) perbedaan keelektronegatifannya = 0 . Bila terdapat
senyawa non polar terjadi gaya tarik dipol sesaat ( gaya dispersi/
gaya london ) gaya ini terjadi akibat muatan + inti atom salah satu atom
menginduksi elektron atom lain sehingga terjadilah kutub kutub yang sifatnya
sesaat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-81343539991414112422020-05-14T00:58:00.000-07:002020-05-14T00:58:13.395-07:00Bahan Ajar Kimia Dasar<br />
<br />
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KULAH
KIMIA DASAR PERTEMUAN KEDUA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SISTEM PERIODIK ELEMEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333;">Sistem periodik unsur merupakan susunan unsur – unsur yang didasarkan
pada kenaikkan nomor atom dan kemiripan pada sifat yang dimiliki oleh masing –
masing unsur tersebut. Henry G. Moseley berhasil menemukan Sistem Periodik
Unsur (SPU) Modern. SPU Modern ini didasarkan pada kenaikkan atom serta
kemiripan sifatnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333;">Ada 2 buah lajur dalam SPU Modern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 8.3pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333;">Lajur pertama
merupakan lajur mendatar yang disebut dengan periode. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333;">Lajur kedua
merupakan laju tegak yang disebut dengan golongan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">2.1 Gambar Tabel Priodik Unsur-Unsur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333;">2.2. Golongan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Golongan
yang diberi tanda huruf A (Golongan IA – VIIIA) menunjukan elemen
representatif. Elemen representatif di dalam ilmu kimia disebut juga sebagai
unsur – unsur golongan utama. Unsur – unsur ini meliputi unsur golongan 1A,
IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA dan VIIIA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333;">Golongan yang
diberi tanda huruf B (Golongan IB – VIIIB) disebut dengan elemen transisi.
Alasan dibuatnya golongan A dan B adalah karena adanya persamaan sifat antara
unsur – unsur tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3. Sifat periodik
unsur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampai saat ini terdapat
kurang lebih 118 unsur yang ada di dunia. Unsur yang ditambahkan pada Table
periodik unsur adalah ununtrium (Uut atau elemen 13), ununpentium (Uup atau
elemen 115), ununseptium (Uus atau elemen 117), dan ununoctium (Uuo atau elemen
118).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penambahan unsur ini
telah diverifikasi pada tanggal 30 Desember 2015 oleh tim gabungan dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry</i> (IUPAC) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dan International
Union of Pure and Applied Physics</i> (IUAPAP).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat periodik unsur
merupakan sifat yang berubah secara beraturan sesuai dengan kenaikan nomor atom
(dari kiri ke kanan pada satu periode atau dari atas ke bawah dalam satu
golongan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3. 1. Jari-jari atom</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jari-jari atom merupakan
jarak antara inti hingga kulit terluar elektron. Jari-jari ini dipengaruhi oleh
muatan inti dan jumlah kulit. Pada unsur segolongan, semakin banyak kulit maka
jari-jari semakin besar. Sedangkan unsur seperiode, semakin besar muatan inti
semakin kecil jari-jari.hal ini disebabkan karena daya tarik inti lebih kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.2. Sifat logam dan nonlogam</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat logam dalam Tabel
periodik semakin ke bawah semakin bertambah, semakin ke kanan semakin
berkurang. Batas unsur logam berada pada sebelah kiri, sedangkan batas unsur
nonlogam berada di sebelah kanan pada Tabel periodik unsur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.3. Kereaktifan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kereaktifan sebuah unsur
pada Tabel periodik unsur dari kiri ke kanan dalam satu periode bertambah
hingga golongan VIIA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.4. Keelektronegatifan</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semakin besar energi
ionisasi dan afinitas elektron pada Tabel periodik berbanding lurus dengan
semakin besarnya keelektronegatifan unsur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.5. Energi ionisasi</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Energi ionisasi
merupakan energi yang diperlukan untuk melepaskan elektron yang terikat paling
lemah oleh suatu atom. Dalam satu golongan, dari atas ke bawah, energi ionisasi
akan semakin kecil. Berbeda jika dilihat dalam satu priode, dari kiri ke kanan,
energi ionisasi akan semakin kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.6. Afinitas Elektron</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Afinitas elektron adalah
besar energi yang dihasilkan atau dilepaskan suatu atom untuk menarik sebuah
elektron. Dalam satu golongan dari atas ke bawah, afinitas elektron berkurang.
Hal ini sama jika dalam satu periode dari kanan ke kiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-15242587595766039732020-02-24T21:32:00.002-08:002020-06-06T02:06:01.399-07:00penggolongan materi<h2>
<span style="color: red;"> </span>PENGGOLONGAN MATERI</h2>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">.</span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> Berdasarkan
sifat kimia, materi digolongkan menurut komposisi dan sifat materi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Unsur</span></strong></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur adalah <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">zat murni yang tidak dapat
diuraikan menajdi zat-zat lain yang lebih sederhana dengan reaksi kimia
sederhan dengan reaksi kimia biasa (bukan reaksi nuklir</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">).</span></strong> Unsur
merupakan bahan dasar penyusun materi. Sampai saat ini dikenal 112 macam unsur
alam dan unsur buatan, baik berupa unsur logam, maupun unsur nonlogam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1 Unsur logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #E6E9EE; margin-left: 8.6pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 533px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nama Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 92.65pt;" width="124"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nama Latin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 81.45pt;" width="109"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lambang Unsur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 141.5pt;" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bentuk Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aluminium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aluminium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Al<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Barium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Barium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ba<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Besi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ferrum</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Emas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aurum</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Au<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
berwarna kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kalium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">K<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kalsium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Calcium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">kromium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chromium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">magnesium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Magnesium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Manganium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mn<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih abu-abu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Natrium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Natrium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Na<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nikel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nickelium</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ni<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">padat,
putih keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 42.55pt;">
<span style="color: #2a4066; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: #E6E9EE;">1.2. </span></span><span style="background: rgb(230 , 233 , 238); font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Unsur Non Logam</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Unsur nonlogam adalah unsur
yang tidak memiliki sifat seperti logam., Unsur-unsur nonlogam berwujud gas dan
padat pada suhu dan tekanan normal. Contoh unsur nonlogam yang berwujud gas
adalah oksigen, nitrogen, dan helium. Contoh unsur nonlogam yang berwujud padat
adalah belerang, karbon, fosfor, dan iodin. Zat padat nonlogam biasanya keras
dan getas. Unsur nonlogam yang berwujud cair adalah bromin. Perhatikan contoh
unsur nonlogam berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: red;"> </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #2a4066; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unsur-unsur non logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 15.7pt; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 539px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama Latin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lambang Unsur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bentuk Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Belerang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sulfur</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat,
kuning<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bromine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bromium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Br<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">cair,
cokelat kemerahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fluorin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fluorine</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
kuning muda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fosforus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Phosphorus</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat,
putih dan merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Helium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Helium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">He<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
tidak berwarna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">hidrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">hydrogenium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
tidak berwarna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Karbon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Carbonium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat,
hitam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Klorin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Chlorine</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
kuning kehijauan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Neon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Neon</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ne<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
tidak berwarna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nitrogenium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
tidak berwarna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oksigen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oxygenium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">gas,
tidak berwarna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Silicon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Silicium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Si<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat,
abu-abu mengkilap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Iodine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.55pt;" width="107"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Iodium</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 89.55pt;" width="119"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" width="217"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat,
hitam (uapnya berwarna ungu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1.3.
Unsur Semi Logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
Selain unsur logam dan nonlogam ada juga unsur semilogam atau yang dikenal
dengan nama metaloid. Metaloid adalah unsur yang memiliki sifat logam dan
nonlogam. Unsur semilogam ini biasanya bersifat semikonduktor. Apakah yang
dimaksud semikonduktor? Bahan yang bersifat semikonduktor tidak dapat
menghantarkan listrik dengan baik pada suhu yang rendah, tetapi sifat hantaran
listriknya menjadi lebih baik ketika suhunya lebih tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #E6E9EE; line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unsur-unsur
semi logam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 544px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 91.0pt;" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 91.0pt;" width="121"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nama Latin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 80.0pt;" width="107"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lambang Unsur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 139.0pt;" width="185"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bentuk Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Boronium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, kecokelatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Silicon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Silicium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Si<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, abu-abu mengkilap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">germanium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">germanium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ge<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, abu-abu mengkilap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arsen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Arsenium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, abu-abu mengkilap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Antimony<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stibium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, abu-abu mengkilap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">tellurium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tellurium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Te<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">polonium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Polonium</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Po<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 15.0pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">padat, keperakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">2. Senyawa</span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Berbeda
dengan unsur,<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> senyawa adalah zat murni yang dapat terurai</span></strong> dengan
reaksi kimia biasa membentuk zat-zat lain yang lebih sederhana. Senyawa
merupakan <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">gabungan dua unsur atau lebih</span></strong> yang
terdapat dalam suatu materi, yang dihasilkan melalu reaksi kimia. <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Adapun
contoh dari senyawa: minyak bumi, karbohidrat, lemak, protein, kapur, dan
banyak lagi yang lainnya.</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Air tergolong senyawa, sebab dengan cara
elektrolisis air dapat terurai menjadi gas hidrogen dan gas oksigen, komposisi
keduanya lebih sederhana daripada air. Antara air, hidrogen dan oksigen,
masing-masing memiliki sifat fisika dan sifat kimia yang berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Pada suhu kamar:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Air berwujud cair tak berwarna, tak berasa dan dibutuhkan untuk
memadamkan api<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Oksigen
berwujud gas, tak berwarna, tak berasa dan dibutuhkan untuk melangsungkan
pembakaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">-<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Hidrogen berwujud
gas, tak berwarna, lebih ringan dari oksigen dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan
bakar roket<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">3. Campuran</span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Suatu
materi yang tersusun atas <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">dua atau lebih zat dengan komposisi
tidak tetap dan masih memiliki sifat-sifat zat asalnya dinamakan campuran.</span></strong> Dengan
kata lain, suatu jenis materi dikatakan campuran apabila materi tersebut
memiliki keragaman dalam komposisi dan sifat-sifat zat asalnya masih tampak.
Campuran dapat dikenal secara langsung disebabkan keragaman komponen
penyusunnya. Walaupun demikian, kadang-kadang komponen penyusun campuran
demikian halus, sehingga bila diamati tanpa bantuan alat mikroskop sukar
dibedakan komponen-komponen penyusunnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Campuran
dapat digolongkan ke dalam campuran serbaneka (heterogen) dan campuran
serbasama (homogen).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Suatu
campuan dikatakan <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">homogen apabila keseluruhan materi
penyusun campuran itu tidak dapat dibedakan satu dengan yang lainnya,</span></strong> tetapi
sifat masing-masing komponen penyusunnya masih tampak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">Misalnya <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">air
teh manis</span></strong> yang merupakan <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">campuran dari air, teh dan gula.</span></strong> Dari
sudut pandang manapun kita amati, air teh manis itu tampak homogen. Baik warna,
rasa, maupun kekentalannya, sehingga, dari dalam satu gelas tersebut, kta tidak
dapat membedakan mana bagian yang merupakan teh, air, atau gula. Tetapi sifat
dari masing-masing komponennya masih ada, seperti rasa manis dari gula warna
merah dari teh, atau wujud cair yang berasal dari sifat fisika air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span> </o:p></span></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-70382409952274165042019-07-16T10:36:00.001-07:002019-07-16T10:36:29.642-07:00LP bukan penghalang meraih sarjana<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k8eM0riLzj8" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-34318313708938521782019-05-20T12:16:00.001-07:002019-05-20T12:16:14.197-07:00Granada Travelkabar gembira untuk menjadi tamu allah tak perlu menunggu sampai berpuluh tahun, kami GRANADA travel mempunyai solusi untuk segra berangkat ketanah suci<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">UMRAH DAN SHALAT ARBA`IN 2019 & 2020<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assalamuailaikum
Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepada
seluruh saudara kaum muslimin wali santri dan handaitaulan yang mempunyai
rencana bertamu kerumah Allah. Kami menyediakan program Umrah Shalat Arba`in,
Program Haji Khusus / Haji Plus & Badal Haji.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Granada
Travel sudah punya izin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Haji Khusus
& Umrah serta provider visa Umrah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background: red; mso-highlight: red;">PAKET UMRAH</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umrah
Arba`in<span style="color: red;"> 18 Hari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">Harga Rp. 26,5 JT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Berangkat April & November 2019 Februari 2020)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umrah
Ramadhan & Syawal 30 Hari<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">Harga Rp. 30,5 JT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Berangkat Ramadhan 2019)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umrah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reguler 14 Hari<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">Harga Rp. 22,5 JT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
(Berangkat November 2019, Januari dan Maret<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2020)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">PAKET HAJI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Haji
Non Kloter 120 jt , Visa, Tiket PP, trasportasi Arab, penginapan(tanpa antri)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Haji
Khusus / Haji Plus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harga 175 jt, setor
awal 100jt lunas waktu tahun berangkat(antri 5 s/d 6 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badal
Haji harga 13 jt<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">FASILITAS YANG DISEDIAKAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> -</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Visa Umrah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bus <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lhok Nibong – Bandara Kuala Namu Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiket Pesawat Kuala Namu Medan –
Madinah, Jeddah – Kuala Namu Medan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perlengkapan(Kopor, Kain Seragam dan
Kain Ihram(Laki-Laki), Mukena (Perempuan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> -- </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air Zamzam 5 liter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Muthawwif dan Muthawwifah yang
berpengalaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4 x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ziarah Madinah, 2 x Ziarah Mekkah & City Tour<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3 x Umrah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> -</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akomudasi Hotel (Makan 3 x sehari menu
Indonesia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> - </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bimbingan Manasik 2 Bulan (8 x
pertemuan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">BIAYA YANG TIDAK TERMASUK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="background: lime; mso-highlight: lime;">DP HANYA 5 JT</span><span style="background: red; mso-highlight: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-highlight: red;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">Pembuatan
Pasport<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penambahan nama di Pasport<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya vaksin miningitis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Surat Mahram (Bagi wanita dibawah umur
45 thn dan anak laki-laki di bawah 18 thn)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelebihan Bagasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Visa Progesive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biaya Biometrik (Biaya sidik jari)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">HOTEL DI MADINAH</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Royal Andalus</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">****</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Khusus Umrah Arba`in
dan Reguler) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15 meter dari halaman mesjid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nabawi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">HOTEL DI Mekah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rayyana Ajyad</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">****</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Khusus Umrah Arba`in
dan Reguler) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">150 meter dari Mesjid Haram Mekah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="background: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-highlight: red;">TERSEDIA JUGA</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiket
Pesawat Terbang Seluruh Maskapai Penerbangan Domestik & Internasional)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penerbangan Tanpa Transit By Saudi Air
Lines<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Medan –Madinah, Jeddah – Medan<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tunggu Apalagi Hubungi segera
Kuota Terbatas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LHOK NIBONG<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TGK, H. HARSYI RUSLI, Lc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HP/WA: 0813 6212 1606<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MATANGGLUMPANGDUA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAHDI, ST.,MT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 137.25pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HP/WA: 08527770004726<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-32122694040880476412019-05-20T12:03:00.001-07:002019-05-20T12:03:44.037-07:00LP bukan penghalang meraih sarjana<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k8eM0riLzj8" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-71378073580166718152019-04-07T11:53:00.001-07:002019-04-07T11:53:29.426-07:00Salut !!!! Mahasiswa ini Dinyatakan lulus dengan Nilai A - Aceh Info<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ErJtOTcREfA" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-68391465236981936822019-03-31T11:31:00.001-07:002019-03-31T11:31:23.187-07:00luar BIASA PEMUDA INI BERHASIL MERAIH SARJANA DI LP BIREUEN<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/k8eM0riLzj8" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-48734166881615918522018-10-14T18:21:00.002-07:002018-10-14T18:21:35.259-07:00<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">BAB </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">II<br />
DASAR-DASAR </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">ILMU LINGKUNGAN
EKOLOGI DAN EKOSISTEM</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 5.52pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Lingkungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dapat</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">diartikan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">sebagai</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kesatuan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ruang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dengan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">semua</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">benda</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">daya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">keadaan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">mahluk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">termasuk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">manusia</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">perilakunya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, yang </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kelangsungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">perikehidupan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kesejahteraan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">manusia</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">serta</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">mahluk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">lainnya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> (UU No. 23 </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tahun</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> 1997</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 23.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">).</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 5.04pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">2.1.
</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Definisi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Lingkungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; font-weight: bold; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">
Indonesia</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="direction: ltr; language: en-US; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 5.04pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in; text-justify: inter-ideograph; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;">
<span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Menurut</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Undang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Undang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> No. 23 </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Tahun</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> 1997, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">adalah</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kesatuan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ruang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dengan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">semua</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">benda</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">daya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">keadaan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">makhluk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">termasuk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">manusia</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">perilakunya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, yang </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kelangsungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">perikehidupan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kesejahteraan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">manusia</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">serta</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">makhluk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> lain. </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Sedangkan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ruang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">lingkup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hidup</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Indonesia </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">meliputi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">ruang</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">tempat</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Negara </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Kesatuan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Republik</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Indonesia yang </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">berWawasan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> Nusantara </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dalam</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">melaksanakan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">kedaulatan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">hak</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">berdaulat</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 21.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; 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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">DEFINISI
LINGKUNGAN HIDUP</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold;">Lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; font-weight: bold;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">didefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">:</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">1. Daerah </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">sesuatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">berada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">Keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">/</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">melingkupi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">Keseluruhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">meliputi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">sekumpulan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">terutama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Kombinasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">luar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">perkembangan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bertahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 17pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Gabungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kondisi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">sosial</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> and </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">budaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">berpengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">individu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">perkumpulan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">/</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">komunitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 17pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">Istilah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">seringkali</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">silih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berganti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengertian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt; font-weight: bold;">BIOSFER</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Biosfer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">lapisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">tipis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">batas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">penyebaran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dihuni</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> 1,5 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">juta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">binatang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">itu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">mempelajari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">perlu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dipahami</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">makna</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">mahluk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Istilah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">diperkenalkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> 1869, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ahli</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">biologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Jerman</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">bernama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> Ernst Haeckel. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Istilah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">berasal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">kata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">oikos</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">tangga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> logos (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">telaah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">studi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">kajian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">mengenai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">hubungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">timbal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">balik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">saling</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">lingkungannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">Satuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">fungsional</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dasar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 30pt;">ekosistem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">EKOSISTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 28pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> volume </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">elemen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">karbon</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, nitrogen, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">phospor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">besarnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">aliran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">proses-proses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">proses</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">biotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">5. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">peristiwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">mengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">populasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">Sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dimaksud</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">struktur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">:<br />
1. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">tanaman</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">banyaknya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oksigen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (O2), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">karbondioksida</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (CO2), air (H2O), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">panas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">nitrat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sinar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">matahari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt; font-weight: bold;">KOMPONEN </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt; font-weight: bold;">EKOSISTEM</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">hayati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">biotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">) yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">saling</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">berinteraksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Dilihat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">fungsinya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">autrotof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">mampu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">menyediakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> men- </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sintesis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">makanannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bantuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">energi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">matahari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">klorofil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">heterotrof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">mampu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">memanfaatkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">makanannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">disediakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">jika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dilihat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">segi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">penyusunannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">tak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, non </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">hayati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">kimia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, air, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">matahari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">medium/</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">substrat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">berlangsungnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Produsen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">autrotof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> c. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">heterotrof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">misal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> d</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">Pengurai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">perombak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dekomposer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">heterotrof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">mengurai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">mati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">menyerap</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sebagian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">penguraian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">melepas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">sederhana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">produsen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">penyusun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">ekosistem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Dari </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">segi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">penyusunannya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">maka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">tak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">abiotik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, non </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hayati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">komponen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kimia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">terdiri</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, air, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">udara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">matahari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebagainya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> medium/</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">substrat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berlangsungnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Produsen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">autrotof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> c. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">heterotrof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">misal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> d. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Pengurai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">perombak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dekomposer</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">heterotrof</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">
yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengurai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">organik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menyerap</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebagian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penguraian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">melepas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sederhana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produsen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;">Aliran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;">Energi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;">Materi</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">berfungsi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">karena</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">adanya</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">aliran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">energi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">rantai</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25.0pt; language: en-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-color-index: 1; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">makanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">materi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Rantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">makanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">suatu </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disusun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berbagai </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">rantai </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">(</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produsen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">) yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dimakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">(</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> I) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> I </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dimakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">II</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">seterusnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berakhir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konsumen</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konsumenke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">-n). </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">materi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">rantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">makanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">disambung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">mikrobia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">menguraikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">bangkai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">sudah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">mati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">dimana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mineral </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">menjadi </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">penyusun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">tumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;">TIPE-TIPE EKOSISTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dasarnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">darat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">terestrial</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">padang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">rumput</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, tundra </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">gurun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">didasarkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">vegetasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">dominan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.56in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">air (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">akuatik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">tawar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">estuarina</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> marine. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dasar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sifat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kimiawi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">garam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">atas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dasar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">sifat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kimiawi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">garam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">darat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dikenal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">didefinisikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">satuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">komunitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">interaksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">iklim</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> regional </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> biota </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">substratnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Faktor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pengatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ketinggian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">garis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">lintang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">temperatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">angin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">curah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hujan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Contohnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Pegunungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> Andes, Himalaya </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> Rocky </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">akan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">berbeda-beda</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">TIPE-TIPE
BIOMA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Menurut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Whittaker
(1970), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">tipe-tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">:<br />
1. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">hujan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">tropika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> (tropical rain
forests)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">musim</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">tropika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> (tropical seasonal
forests)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">hujan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">iklim</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">sedang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> (temperate rain
forests)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">pegunungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">tropika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> (tropical mountain </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> forests</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> 5</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">Savana</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">padang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">rumput</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">tropika</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">disertai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pohon-pohon</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">besar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;"> 6</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">. Taiga (sub </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">artic</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt;">-sub alpine
needle-leaved forests)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 7</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Gurun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 27pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">Macam-macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">lainnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pegunungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">gua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">kapur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> Multi </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">gua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">menyangkut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">gatra</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> a</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Hidrologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Pariwisata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">keunikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> c</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Arkeologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">merekam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">masa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">lalu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> d</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">penyerbuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pengendali</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> e</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Geologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pertambangan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> guano </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">gamping</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> f</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Biologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">keunikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hayatinya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hujan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">tropis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">sering</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">bioma</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pesisir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kesatuan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> habitat </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">komunitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">meliputi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pasang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">surut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hamparan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mangrove, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">padang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lamun</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">muara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">estuaria</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">), </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">terumbu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">lautan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">terbuka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pesisir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hayati</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ditumbuhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">vegetasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">khas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">terpengaruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pasang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">surut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">sampai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> km </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pinggir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"> –</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">Tipe</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">Ekosistem</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Salah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">masalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pesisir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">garis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">keseimbangan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">nantinya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sektor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pariwisata</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Bentuknya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">abrasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">akresi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Abrasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">semacam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">erosi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pengikisan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">gelombang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">hempasan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ombak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">garis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">bergeser</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">menuju</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">kearah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">daratan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Akresi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">penambahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">lahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sedimentasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pengendapan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">garis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">bergeser</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ke</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">arah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">5</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> mangrove<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> mangrove </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">hutan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pinggir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">berperan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perlindungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pesisir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lautan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mangrove </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> a</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">fisik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">menjaga</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">kestabilan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">garis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">mempercepat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">perluasan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">lahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">melindungi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tebing</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sungai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengolah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">limbah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">biologik</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">benih</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ikan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">udang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">kerang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">sarang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">burung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">-</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">burung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">serta</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">habitat </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bagi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">banyak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> biota. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> c</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">Fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">potensial</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">tambak</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">pembuatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">garam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">rekreasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penghasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kayu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 36pt;">SYARAT
FISIKA-KIMIA AIR LAUT UNTUK PERTUMBUHAN HUTAN MANGROVE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">a</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">.
Air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">pasang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Salinitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">kadar</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">garam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> Na </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Cl</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> c</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Arua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">permukaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> d</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Suhu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">temperatur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> 27 - 34° C</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">seluruh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">terikat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">satu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">sistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">ekologi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">Terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;"> (coral </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt;">reef)</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">gabungan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hewan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">membuat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kerangka</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pelindung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bahan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kapur</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">organisme</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">memerlukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">iklim</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 25pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tropis</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 36pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 40pt;">BENTUK
TERUMBU KARANG</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Ada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"><br />
a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pantai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (fringing reef,
shore reef).<br />
b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">penghalang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">barier</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> reef).<br />
c. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">cincin</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">atol</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">) yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">melingkari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">goba</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> lagoon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">terumbu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">tergantung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> 6 </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pembatas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">utama</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">:<br />
a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Cahaya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">matahari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">,<br />
b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Kejernihan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> air,<br />
c. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Suhu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">antara</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> 25 - 28° C,<br />
d. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Arus</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> air </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">laut</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">,<br />
e. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Salinitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">,<br />
f. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Substrat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">keras</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">pelekatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> larva </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">karang</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">planula</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">terbentuknya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">koloni</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">baru</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">7. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">binaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">Merupakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">bentukan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">hasil</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">buatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">KERAWANAN
EKOSISTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Kemunduran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">menurunnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebabkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kerawanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dilihat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menurunnya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kuantitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kerawanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menimbulkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">fungsi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebabkan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dua</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">macam</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">hal</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">peristiwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">kegiatan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">peristiwa</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Penyebab</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">alami</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">a. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Kebakaran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">b. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Pemangsaan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">c. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Badai</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">topan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">d. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Letusan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">gunung</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">berapi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">e. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Banjir</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">f. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Kekeringan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">g. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Wabah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">penyakit</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">tanaman</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">h. </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">Longsor</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">pergeseran</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt;">KERAWANAN
EKOSISTEM</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">Degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">ekosistem</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">kegiatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Bentuk</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">aktivitas</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menyebabkan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">degradasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kehutanan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertanian</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">,</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perumputan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertambangan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengembangan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> air, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">konstruksi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jalan</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">raya</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Urbanisasi</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 32pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 44pt; font-weight: bold;"></span>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-45632419593839445232018-10-11T09:21:00.000-07:002018-10-11T09:29:28.547-07:00bahan ajar kependudukan & Lingkungan Hidup<span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "algerian"; font-size: 44.0pt;">Kependudukan</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "algerian"; font-size: 44.0pt;"> &</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "algerian"; font-size: 44.0pt;">Lingkungan</span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "algerian"; font-size: 44.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "algerian"; font-size: 44.0pt;">Hidup</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;">MAHDI,ST.,MT</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;">TEKNIK SIPIL UMUSLIM</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;">Matangglumpangdua</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;">Bireuen</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;"> Aceh</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "baby kruffy"; font-size: 32.0pt;">
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<span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Definisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Kependudukan</span></span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"><b>demografi</b></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu">ilmu</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">mempelajari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dinamika</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia">manusia</a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dalamnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">struktur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">serta</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">bagaimana</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">berubah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">akibat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">serta</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penuaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet0\,1";">a.</span></span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Pengertian</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Dasar</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Demografi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">
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<span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Kata</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">demografi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">berasal</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">dari</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">bahasa</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Yunani</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> “ demos” yang
</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">berarti</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> : </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">rakyat</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">atau</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">penduduk</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">dan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> “ </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">grafein</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> ” yang </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">artinya</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">menulis</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">. </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">Jadi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">demografi</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">adalah</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">tulisan-tulisan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">atau</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">karangan-karangan</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">mengenai</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">rakyat</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">atau</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;">penduduk.</span><span style="color: #898989; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Terdapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tujan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pokok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dipakai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">oleh para ahli demografi,</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mempelajari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kuantitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">distribusi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> suatu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menjelaskan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">masa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">lampau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penurunannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> persebarannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sebaik -</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> baiknya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> data yang </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> tersedia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mengembangkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hubungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sebab</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">akibat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">antara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perkembangan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bermacam-</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> macam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">aspek</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">organisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">sosial</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mencoba</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">meramalkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">masa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> akan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">datang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kemungkinan-</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.56in;"> kemungkinan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.56in;">konsekuensinya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.56in;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Sejarah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">berjalan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">periode</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Periode</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Keseimbangan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">-lama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Tingkat </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">diimbangi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> pula. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Saat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">itu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">fase</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">berpotensi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">belum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pembatasan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Periode</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Transisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> Tingkat </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">berkurang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kemajuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">disusul</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">menurunnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">teknik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pembatasan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">efektif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Periode</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Keseimbangan-baru</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> Tingkat </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">sama-sama</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Keadaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">fase</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">permulaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">menurun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; font-style: italic;">incipient
decline</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">UNSUR-UNSUR </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 32.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">Kependudukan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">memilki</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">tiga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">utama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">umum</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">tercakup</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">komponen</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">perubahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">penting</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">dikaji</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">Unsur-unsur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">tersebut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">:<br />
1. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">Kelahiran</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">fertilitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">)<br />
2. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">Kematian</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">mortalitas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">)<br />
3. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">Perpindahan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">migrasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 32.0pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">KELAHIRAN (FERTILITAS)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hasil</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">reproduksi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">nyata</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">seorang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Fertilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">juga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">natalitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Konsep-konsep</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> lain yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">terkait</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fertilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penting </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">diketahui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Fecunditas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">potensial</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">seorang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">melahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Sterilisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ketidakmampuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">seorang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pria</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> untuk</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Natalitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">komponen</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> perubahan</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lahir</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-style: italic;">live
birth</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dilahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">- </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">saat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dilahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">,</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> tanpa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">memperhatikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">lamanya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kandungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">walaupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> akhirnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> meninggal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dunia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">5. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Abortus</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kandungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">umur</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kurang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">28
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">minggu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">6. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lahir</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mati</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-style: italic;">still
birth</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">seorang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kandungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">berumur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> paling </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">sedikit</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 28 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">minggu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanda-tanda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kehidupan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dihitung</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">FAKTOR PENGARUH KELAHIRAN</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">Kontrasepsi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">pencegahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">pembuahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">),</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet3\,1";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Aborsi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pengguguran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">),</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet3\,3";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perkawinan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perceraian</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">dll</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.56in;">),</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">4. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Mandul</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bisa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">punya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">UKURAN-UKURAN REPRODUKSI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">reproduksi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berkenaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kemampuan </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">menggantikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dirinya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">sehingga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">diperhatikan </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">saja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. Gross Reproduction
Rate (GRR) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">banyaknya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dilahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">oleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelompok</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> Net </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Reproduction Rate
(NRR)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">masih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sampai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Melahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">(</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">menduduki</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ibunya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">), yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">diperhatikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">saja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">diperkirakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">akan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bisa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">reproduksi.</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 21pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 21pt;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">KEMATIAN (MORTALITAS)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">PBB
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> WHO, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hilangnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">semua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tanda-</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tanda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kehidupan</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">permanen</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">bisa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">saat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">setelah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">. Still birth </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">keguguran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">termasuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Konsep-konsep</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> lain yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">terkait</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengertian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">mortalitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1. Neo-natal
death </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">belum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berumur</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">bulan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 2</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Lahir</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mati</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (still birth) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sering</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">janin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (fetal death)</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebelum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dikeluarkannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">lengkap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">ibunya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">saat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dilahirkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">melihat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">lamanya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kandungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 3</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. Post neo-natal </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berumur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">antara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bulan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sampai</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">kurang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">. Infant death (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebelum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">mencapai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">PERPINDAHAN (MIGRASI)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">diartikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">menetap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> lain </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">melampaui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">batas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">politik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ataupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">batas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">administratif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">batas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">bagian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">suatu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">individu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">maupun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">rombongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">1. FAKTOR </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">PENGARUH</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Everett
Lee, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 4 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penyebab</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">asal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 2</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">terdapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 3</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">rintangan-rintangan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">menghambat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 4</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">pribadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dasarnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 3 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penting</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menyebabkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">memutuskan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">melakukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> a. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">alasan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">alasan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">politis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> c. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">alasan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">agama.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">JENIS-JENIS MIGRASI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">A. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ber-migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sekuler</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> pendek</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ngelaju</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">seseorang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pindah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">keluar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kota</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> dia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">B</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">cakupan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>1</b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">internasional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> lain. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Masih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> 2 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Macam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">:</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> a</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Imigrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">masuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">emigrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">keluar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">nasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> lain </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> tetapi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">masih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">nasional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">a. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Urbanisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">desa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kota</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Transmigrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">antar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">negara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">salah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> program yang </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> dijalankan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">pemerintah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengatasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">masalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> pemerataan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">terutama</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">luar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Pulau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">Jawa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">UKURAN MIGRASI</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sangat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">erat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kaitannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pergerakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">juga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">gerakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> 1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bersifat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">rutin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (commuting </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">ngelaju</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> recurrent </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">movement),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> 2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bersifat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">rutin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tetapi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dipindah-tempatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pekerjaannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tinggal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menetap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kembali</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tempat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">semula</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (non recurrent movement).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kajian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sosiologi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sifatnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">vertikal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">menuju</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">contoh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">jabatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pekerjaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">horisontal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">perpindahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> lain </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">geografis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">/</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">teritorial</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">). Tingkat </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mobilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (move rate) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">rasio</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">banyaknya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pindah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">lokal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> (mover) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">jangka</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">banyaknya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>DINAMIKA KEPENDUDUKAN PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Bila</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">berbeda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">datang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berbeda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pergi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">maka</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Perubahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dikenal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dinamika</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">semua</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">unsur-unsur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mengakibatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perubahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menunjukkan </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertumbuhan </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">cara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 1</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelahiran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">besar </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daripada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">alami </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">(Natural
Increase).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">orang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> datang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">orang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pergi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">migrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">CARA PENGUKURAN PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">alami</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adanya</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> perbedaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">antara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet0\,1";">a.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet0\,1";">b.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">
</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Cara </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">mengukur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> a</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">Pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> per-</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">dekade</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">berupa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">persentase</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jarak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">b.Tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">alamiah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">ialah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt;">pertambahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">diperoleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengurangan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kematian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">setahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 22pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">KOMPOSISI PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">susunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">komposisi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">misalnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">kelamin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">mata</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">pencaharian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">pendapatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">, agama, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">suku</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> lain-lain </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">sesuai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">kebutuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">perubahannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">waktu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">ke</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">waktu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">ditarik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">kesimpulan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">digunakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">menentukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">atau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">menerapkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">sebuah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">kebijakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 16pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">JENIS-JENIS KOMPOSISI PENDUDUK</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pengelompokan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> (15-64 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">atau </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tingkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bayi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">muda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dewasa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">) </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">skala</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (0-4,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> 5-9, 10-14 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">seterusnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Kelamin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kelamin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">laki-laki</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">perempuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> Mata </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Pencaharian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">jenis-jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pekerjaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">profesi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">digeluti</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> seperti</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">petani</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengusaha</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">nelayan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dokter</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pengacara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pedagang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lain-lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> Agama</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> Indonesia
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">hanya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">mengakui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">5
agama </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">islam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kristen</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">katolik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">hindu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">budha</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> serta</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kepercayaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lain.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Komposisi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Suku</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">
Indonesia </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">beraneka-ragam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">suku</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">tersebar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">berbagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pulau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> seperti</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">suku</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">melayu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">minang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bugis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">batak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">jawa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">PIRAMIDA PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Piramida</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">gambaran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">komponen</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">susunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Piramida</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">grafik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">susunan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">menurut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kelamin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">saat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tertentu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berbentuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">piramida</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Penggolongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tiga</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">macam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Golongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">muda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (0-14 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Golongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dewasa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (15-64 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Golongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">/</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jompo</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> (>64 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">), </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">golongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">mampu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">lagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">lapangan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">KEPADATAN PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Population
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">density </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dikenal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kepadatan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mendiami</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">wilayah</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tertentu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">satuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> per kilometer </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">persegi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ciri-ciri</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">makin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> lama </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">makin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tingginya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">terus</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berjalan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">meningkatnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pemukiman</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">JENIS-JENIS KEPADATAN PENDUDUK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">umum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">empat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">macam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Arithmatik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">arithmatik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> rata-rata per
kilometer </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">persegi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanpa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">memperhitungkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Jenis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tradisional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, paling</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> mudah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perhitungannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kesatuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">luas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">suatu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">daerah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. Yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dimaksud</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">digarap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Agraris</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">agraris</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">bertani</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">setiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kesatuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dikerjakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pertanian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 4. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Ekonomis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kepadatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ekonomis</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dijamin</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penghidupannya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">oleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tiap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kesatuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">wilayah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kesatuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">luas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">). </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">KETENAGAKERJAAN</span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 40pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 40pt;"><br /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Sumber</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">daya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tenaga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kerja</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">usaha</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kegiatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">semua</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">digolongkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tenaga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tidak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">semua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">memiliki</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kemampuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">menyumbangkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tenaganya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kegiatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pemenuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kebutuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Di Indonesia, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penggolongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">ketentuan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">lebih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">digolongkan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">angkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">Angkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mereka</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">berumur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">atas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> 10 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sedang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">memperoleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">penghasilan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">orang-orang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">sedang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mencari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pekerjaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">angkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">mereka</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> a. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">masih</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bersekolah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">mengurus</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">rumah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tangga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> c</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">tergolong</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">golongan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt;">bukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">angkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 20pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">ANGKA KETERGANTUNGAN (DEPENDENCY RATIO)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Dari </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">segi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">berdasarkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dibagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> 15-64 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">melaksanakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produksi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">segi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> sudah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dianggap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">memberikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">manfaat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara produktif baik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">diri</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">orang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> lain</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> non </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Dibedakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> sub </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> a</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Anak-anak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> (0-14 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dianggap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">belum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">mampu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">bekerja</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">menghasilkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">keperluan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Orang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tua</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">lanjut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> ( > 65 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">), </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dianggap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> mampu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">lagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">bekerja</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> non </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">akan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tanggungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">bagi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produktif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> (15-64 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tahun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">). </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Ukuran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">umum</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">menentukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">keadaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">disebut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">angka</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ketergantungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> dependency ratio
(DR).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">KEBIJAKSANAAN PENGELOLAAN KEPENDUDUKAN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">PERMASALAHAN </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;">KEPENDUDUKAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Masalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> Indonesia: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Jumlah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">cukup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pengalaman</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">internasional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">bahwa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">strategi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">untuk</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> menurunkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">fertilitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">efektif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">memadukan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> program </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Berencana</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">perencanaan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pembangunan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> nasional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Penyebaran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">merata</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Di Indonesia, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">konsentrasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">sebagian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">besar</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">di</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pulau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> Jawa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">umur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">berusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">muda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Struktur</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">muda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">ini</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">diakibatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">dari</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tingginya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Urbanisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">relatif</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Pemerataan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">salah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">upaya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">penyelesaian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">masalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">urbanisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">5. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">Kualitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">sumber</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">daya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">rendah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> Perbaikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">merupakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pembangunan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">utama</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">karena</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dapat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">produktivitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">DASAR DAN KONSEP PENGELOLAAN KEPENDUDUKAN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Kebijakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pemerintah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bidang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hidup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">yang
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bercirikan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pembangunan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berkelanjutan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Salah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">satu</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">bentuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pengelolaan</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kualitas</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">mencakup</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">segi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fisik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> non </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fisik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Segi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fisik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">: <br />
a. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Perbaikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">gizi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><br />
b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Olah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> raga<br />
c. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Peningkatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Segi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> non </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">fisik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pengembangan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sumber</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">daya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">itu</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sendiri</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">melalui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">:<br />
a. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Pendidikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> b. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">Kesetiakawanan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;">sosial</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">PERANAN PEMUDA DALAM PENANGGULANGAN</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">MASALAH </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; text-indent: -0.38in;">KEPENDUDUKAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Ada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">beberapa</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">hal</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dapat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">dilakukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">oleh</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">pemuda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">Menanggulangi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">permasalahan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">sebagai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">
</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri";">berikut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri";">:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 19pt;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; mso-special-format: "numbullet3\,1";">1. </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pengetahuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">masalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">baik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">melalui</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pendidikan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> formal </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">informasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kemudian</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">disebar-luaskan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pada</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">masyarakat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menumbuhkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kesadaran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pengetahuan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">tingkah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> laku</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">yang
</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">bertanggung-jawab</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">serta</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">rasional</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">permasalahan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">2</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">Menurunkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tingkat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">baik</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">secara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">maupun</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> Cara </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menggunakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">alat</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">kontrasepsi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">Sedangkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">untuk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> cara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">tidak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">langsung</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">adalah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">melalui</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">faktor</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">sosial-budaya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">seperti</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">berikut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> a</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">merencanakan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">jumlahnya</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> b</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menunda</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">usia</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menikah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> c</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> status </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dengan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">merubah</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">cara</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">pandang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">terhadap</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> status </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">wanita</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> d. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">mendorong</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">menggalakkan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">usaha</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">penyebaran</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">penduduk</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> e</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">ikut</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">berpartisipasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">dalam</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">organisasi</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">sosial</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">atau</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">lembaga</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt;">swadaya masyarakat (LSM)</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -36.48px;">yang </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -36.48px;">bergerak</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">dibidang</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">kependudukan</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 14pt; text-indent: -0.38in;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red;">mahugha utg blogspots</span></div>
mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-66762150571966665412017-12-28T23:52:00.001-08:002017-12-28T23:52:29.646-08:00irigasi tanpa biaya pompa vakum gajah peusangan<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/gHjpy9IbUmA" width="459"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-53416939714229265972017-11-03T10:19:00.001-07:002017-11-03T10:19:08.480-07:00liga 1, jadi liga kungfu pemain pada patah tulang hadeeeh siapa yang salah<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2dkc1GZKiHM" width="480"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-75689573218029331402017-10-20T01:52:00.001-07:002017-10-20T01:54:18.867-07:00siapa bilang wanita tak mau dimadu , tonton vidio ini<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6Cq92UvXtrs" width="459"></iframe>mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2877336566617854038.post-2453613739849478502015-04-04T20:39:00.000-07:002017-08-03T02:38:06.592-07:00 Team Sepak Bola Fakultas Teknik Umuslim<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Team Sepak Bola Fakultas Teknik Umuslim<br />
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Rektor Umuslim Menyerahkan Piala Bergilir ke Team Fakultas Teknik<br />
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Penyrahan Piala Juara Satu Kpd Kapten Tim Hidayat Oleh Rektor Umuslim<br />
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Akhirnya Team sepak Bola Fakultas Teknik Umuslim Menjdi Kampium pada acara Pomal 2015 yang diselenggarakan PEMA Umuslim , Fakultas Teknik Umuslim pada tahun 2015 ini dari mulai mengikuti acara Sepak Bola pomal Tingkat Umuslim menargetkan juara karena beberpa tahun yang lalu selalu menjadi Raner up, Tapi pd keikutsertaan dimulai dengan perjuangan yg cukup berat dengan mengalahkan PGSD pada pertandingan pertama harus diakhiri dengan adu pinlti setelah pada pertandingn berakhir dengan keadaan 0 VS 0 dan dilajutkan dengan adu pinalti dgn skor akhir 5-4 dan pada pertandingan perdelapan besar menaklukkan HMJ Agrebisnis dengan skor 2-0, gol diciptakan oleh muksin dab syahram, keduan gol diciptakan melalui titik pinalti dan selnjutnya pd pertandingan semifinal mengalahkan HMJ TI dengan skor 1-0 yang diciptakan oleh Rahmad Firdaus pada babak kedua, dan pada pertandingan Final fakultas teknik melawan HMJ Perternakan unggul lebih dahulu pada menit ke 35 babak kedua melalui tendangan Pinalti krn salah seorang pemain HMJ perternakan melakukan Hand Ball didaerah terlarang, syahram yg mengeksekusi pinalti dengan mulus masuk kegawang perternakan maka mrka berubah menjadi 1-0 untuk FT, akan tetapi Peeternakan berusahan keras utk mengejar ketertinggalan, usaha mareka tidak sia-sia karena berhasil menyamakan kedudukan pd akhir babak kedua dgn gol yg cukup indah yang dicipkan oleh Aulia dengan tendangan jarak jauh yg membuat pejaga gawang fakultas teknik tdk menyangka akan berbuah gol, sampai peluit akhir dibunyikan pertandingan berakhir imbang 1-1 dan dilanjutkan adu pinalti yg dimenang FT dengan Skor 4-1. (M Ugha)mahughautghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03864793366992139370noreply@blogger.com1